Marry Shelley :: essays research papers

     Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was conceived on August 30, 1797, in London, Britain. She was bound to carry on with a phenomenal life. Her folks were two of the most noted freethinkers of the Enlightenment time. Her dad, William Godwin, was a commended logician and student of history. He was known for gorging and obtaining cash who might give him a credit. He didn’t possess a lot of energy for anything besides his philosophical thoughts. He met his match in Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary’s mother. She was just as much a radical mastermind as Godwin. She announced herself autonomous at 21 years old. She also, her sisters ran a school in France, where she engaged in extramarital relations with a military skipper and had her first youngster, Fanny, without any father present. In the wake of being relinquished, she and Fanny moved back to England and endeavored self destruction. She started composing. She was notable for her progressive women's activist works. Wollstonecraft and Godwin met an evening gathering at Godwin’s home also, the two started an undertaking. Wollstonecraft was five months pregnant when she wedded Godwin. In spite of the fact that Godwin and Wollstonecraft didn’t concur with the entire marriage thing, they needed Mary’s youngsters to be real youngsters. Mary’s mother kicked the bucket of difficulties only ten days after Mary was conceived. Her dad was a self-ingested scholarly and was left to deal with his little girls in solitude. Despite the fact that he cherished his girls, the duty of raising them all alone was a lot for him and before long started searching for a spouse.      Godwin wedded four years after the fact to Mary Jane Clairmont. She turned out to be a mean and shallow lady who supported her own two kids over Mary and Fanny. Mary was an enthusiastic kid and was frequently rewarded unjustifiably by her stepmother. She got visit whippings which prompted her defiance of a girl’s conventional job. Therefore, Mary minded her own business and was despondent and alone. In spite of the fact that she didn’t have proper instruction, she picked up on the scholarly condition made by her dad and his guests. Mary was very splendid and started perusing the compositions of her mom around the age of eight. She had retained each word by the age of ten. Mary spent numerous hours at her preferred understanding spot, her mother’s grave.      Percy Shelley, a writer, was an admirer and companion of William Godwin what's more, invested a lot of energy at the Godwin house. Shelley additionally appreciated the compositions of Mary’s mother.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry Foundation: Flight industry is an image of thorough national force and a critical piece of the national resistance. It is likewise a huge assurance for national security and a fundamental help for the advancement of monetary and society. In the whole aeronautics industry, common avionics is comprised of a wide range of flying exercises utilizing airplane with the exception of military applications, which incorporates protection, police and customs, and the common flight incorporates business flying and general flying. As of late, the quick advancement of common aeronautics assumes an undeniably significant job in the avionics business. Regarding globalization, the avionics business is chiefly packed in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia and some other created locales. Alongside the fast improvement of the worldwide economy, the eagerness for creating flying industry of numerous new industrialized nations has likewise been enormously motivated. Various very good quality assembling, including the aeronautics business, are moving from created nations to creating nations, to fulfill the worldwide market need, many created nations and creating nations started the participation. The monetary disturbance and budgetary emergency of the flow world has caused an extraordinary stun on aeronautics industry, in spite of the fact that the condition is getting improved, it is still exceptionally hard to anticipate what the future will be. As one of the pioneers of the flight business everywhere throughout the world, the market of avionics industry in the United States has been extraordinarily influenced as of late. The fallen cost of tickets, rising cost of oil, just as hostile to imposing business model arrangement, all impactsly affect the common flight industry in America. Merger mix is pattern of the advancement of universal flying industry as of late. There are numerous models: In Europe, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines were converged in 2003; Lufthansa bought Swiss Air in 2005, and later bought the Austrian Airlines; British Airways and Iberia Airlines converged in 2010 . After a progression of mergers and rearrangements, the market is brimming with essentialness and serious force. In the United States as of late, the activity of common aeronautics industry has gotten significantly more troublesome and numerous carrier organizations are looking to get through this condition by mergers and acquisitions. In 2005, US Airways blended America West Airlines; Delta Air Lines bought Northwest Airlines in 2008; after two years, the United Airlines and Continental Airlines were consolidated and transformed into the United Continental Holdings fused; in 2011, Southwest Airlines bought the AirTran and following two years, American Airlines combined US A irways. After the mergers and redesigns, these organizations working execution starts to emerge from downturn, however whether the particular outcomes truly are hopeful? This thesis will make examination and judgment. Congress diminished the control of the market in 1978, which brought the US economy advertise unrivaled premiums. America has an experienced aeronautics industry showcase, which has become a significant factor of the development of economy now. Regardless of whether there is a little change in the business, it can welcome a major effect on different perspectives. In this intense serious condition at home and abroad, the common avionics industry pulls in significantly more consideration. Fixation Tendency Lately, the flying business in the United States had produced a ton of new organizations and there have been a great deal of insolvency and merger marvels, which will undoubtedly influence the opposition propensity of the flying business. In this exposition, the techniques used to compute the centralization of flight industry are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CRn). The estimation strategy for industry focus list is the most well-known, and it is likewise a significant pointer of estimating the market structure. It demonstrates the level of centralization of the business by figuring the extent of the applicable worth, (for example, deals, esteem included, number of workers, absolute resources, and so forth.) of the principal biggest n organizations in the business toward those of the whole business. For instance, CR4 alludes to the pertinent piece of the pie involved by the four biggest undertakings and CR8 implies the significant piece of the pie involved by the eight biggest ventures. On the off chance that the CRn is more noteworthy, it showing a higher level of convergence of the business and the almost certain for rivalry in the market will in general be monopolistic; despite what might be expected, the lower the focus is, the more probable for rivalry in the market will in general be competitive.(MBAlib, 2012) The recipe is: CRn=. In this recipe, Si implies the piece of the pie of the venture I, n implies the complete number of firms (for example, the number is 4 or 8.) in the business. In any case, the detriment of CRn is that this fixation proportion can't show the absolute number of ventures which are working and serious in this industry. For instance, the piece of the overall industry of 2 CR4 with a similar estimation of 75% in two distinct enterprises probably won't be the equivalent, on the grounds that there might be just a couple of organizations in a single industry and the other business may have numerous organizations. In this way, in the thesis, HHI will be utilized to quantify the market fixation to improve the believability of the information. HHI figures the entirety of the squares of piece of the pie of the biggest 50 organizations in this industry (if the quantity of organizations is under 50, it incorporates all endeavors). Clearly, the more noteworthy HHI is, the higher the level of market fixation and the higher the level of imposing business model. The record can not just mirror the piece of the pie of huge undertakings, yet additionally can mirror the market structure other than huge ventures. In this way, HHI can mirror the effect of huge ventures available all the more precisely. The equation is: HHI=2. In this recipe, Si implies the piece of the overall industry of the venture I, n implies the all out number of firms in the business. HHI changes between 1/n and 1, which shows that the higher worth is, the more prominent lopsidedness dispersion of the size of a firm. For whatever length of time that organizations consolidate, the estimation of HHI will increment; as long as the organizations break down, the estimation of HHI will be diminished. The benefit of HHI are it reflects enormous scope organizations piece of the overall industry all the more delicately, while reflects numerous little businesses’ piece of the overall industry practically nothing, and it can't be influenced by the quantity of organizations and the size dispersion of the business, which is smarter to quantify the adjustments in the market centralization of the industry.(MBAlib, 2010) This table outlines the estimations of CR4, CR8 and HHI in ten years. As indicated by the fixation proportion CR4 and CR8, it very well may be clearly discovered that the avionics business was carrying on as an oligopoly and was an exceptionally thought industry, while as far as HHI, the market focus was moderate. The entirety of the 3 qualities were continuing diminishing from 2001 to 2006 and seemed to wind up in a real predicament in 2007, wherein year the economy emergency occurred. From that point onward, the inclination of market focus was improved and arrived at another stature in 2013. (Ahren J. 2011) In rundown, the degree of market centralization of flight industry was diminishing first and afterward continuing expanding in the United States. Likewise, the opposition inclination additionally abandoned serious to monopolistic, which demonstrates the quantity of organizations was diminished and the pieces of the pie of enormous firms have expanded. References: MBAlib (2010) Concentration Ratioà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…'CRn[online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E2%80%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 [Accessed 29 January 2015] Ahren Johnston (2011) CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE?[online]New York, Journal of Transportation Management. Accessible from: http://www.deltanualpha.org/pdfarticles/2011/Ahren%20Johnston.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2015] MBAlib (2012) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index [online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%87 [Accessed 29 January 2015]

Whats going on at SIPA Monday, September 8 Friday, September 12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

What’s going on at SIPA Monday, September 8 â€" Friday, September 12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Classes have begun and we already have a set of events planned at SIPA next week. You can find a full list of events on our website. But here’s a short list of what you could find yourself doing next week: TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 09, 2014 The Being Young Forum: From Silicon Valley to Zhongguancun: Who Will Be More Innovative, Young People in the U.S. or China? Dean Merit E. Janow of the School of International and Public Affairs and President Debora Spar of Barnard College invite you to participate in a special televised discussion on campus. Architecture and Diplomacy: Transatlantic Approaches: The presentations and panels of professionals in architecture, history, and government explore the “architecture of diplomacy” across the Atlantic. A reception and an exhibition of Columbia architecture students’ works will follow the event. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2014 Origins of Environmental Law Lecture Series: The Structure and Role of Congress in Environmental Policy This lecture by Leon G. Billings and Thomas C. Jorling will provide a comprehensive overview of the factors that influence environmental policy and the political climate, such as the structure and personalities of the members and staff of the Senate subcommittee, and the role of lobbyists, administration staff, and the media. It will look specifically at how the media portrayed major environmental legislation and how commentary from figures such as Rachael Carson and Barry Commoner may have influenced Congress in the 1960s and 1970s. The New Brazil: Achievements and Challenges: A talk about Brazils need for more savings and investment, better education, and a reduction in the Brazil cost of doing business. This talk is part of the course Political, Social, and Economic Development of Brazil (Instructor Sidney Nakahodo). THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2014 Perspectives on Public Integrity: Ben Olken Maximizing Illicit Profits: Understanding How Corrupt Officials Choose How Much to Charge for Bribes: Professor Benjamin Olken of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Jameel Poverty Action Lab will discuss the quantitative methods employed by leading economists to tackle corruption worldwide. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2014 ISIS in Iraq, Syria, and the U.S.: Saltzman Institute members and frequent media contributors Austin Long and Stuart Gottlieb will discuss the growing regional and global threat posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). A Talk by Ambassador Ian Kelly: A talk by Ambassador Ian Kelly about his experiences dealing with Russia during his foreign service career; he’ll also discuss opportunities at the State Department. Also Like Life: The Films of Hou Hsiao-hsien: A discussion about the work of Taiwans celebrated filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien in conjunction with the Museum of the Moving Images retrospective Also Like Life: The Films of Hou Hsiao-hsien.

Movie Analysis Going Audience - 1181 Words

Whenever any film is released to the mainstream American movie going audience, it becomes subject to the wrath or appraise of movie critics. Audiences not set on whether or not they intend to see a particular film usually turn to these critics for their professional opinions and judge whether or not the movie will be worth the time and money. When Election hit the silver screen in 1999, it was met with critical acclaim and well-received by audiences. Since its premier, the film was gained a legacy as one of TIME’s Top 50 Films about High School and was even listed as President Obama’s favorite political film. At its release, three critics, Roger Ebert, David Butterworth, and James Berardinelli, shelled out their varying opinions on the many factors of the film, such as characterization and script. Although none had any scathing comments for the film, they did all reach different opinions regarding the overall quality and potential of the film, and Roger Ebert’s r eview, due in part to his relatability and detailed understanding, stands above the writings of Butterworth and Berardinelli. The late Roger Ebert is perhaps the most well-regarded and influential film critic of the modern age. Ebert achieved notoriety in the world of film criticism with his review of George Romero’s Night of the Living Dead. The review was picked up by Reader’s Digest, and what followed Ebert was a substantial career in film criticism, culminating in a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, successfulShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Poster783 Words   |  4 Pages Design Analysis Essay BCM 110 In this essay I am going to analyse the movie poster for the film ‘Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl’ . This film was released in 2003 directed by Gore Verbinski and it was a huge Box-Office hit and had great reviews . It also made Johnny Depp the superstar he is now and it stars other actors such as Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley . The genre of the film is an action adventure film with lots of other elements in it . Read MoreEssay on Production Report1087 Words   |  5 PagesThriller Movie, a Children’s Television Programme, A magazine or a Radio Advert. After looking at them carefully, I decided to produce an opening sequence of a Thriller Movie. The sequence had to be at least two minutes long. 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However, deception is used quite often in The Prestige. We see this in many forms, from the main characters to the simple things like the magic tricks, but why is deception so important in magic and moviesRead MoreShadow of the Doubt Last Scene1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Shadow of a Doubt is an American thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1943, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing and Original Story by Thornton Wilder and Sally Benson. The movie notes the outstanding and remarkable film-making style of Hitchcock. It contains a lot of scenes in which people can empathise with the characters and perceive the feelings and messages from the director. One of the scenes that must be mentioned is when Emmy’s guests are toasting toRead MoreMovie Review: Memento74 6 Words   |  3 PagesMovie Review: Memento Once in a while, a movie turns up and gives extreme experience to viewers. Memento is one of these movies and calls a lot from the viewers. This is not a movie that nearly every audience will be able to grasp without difficulty. When one is passive while viewing this movie, he or she will end up not seeing significant parts of the story as the film is done in reverse to demonstrate the dilemma of the leading role, Leonard. The story line is imparted in a mixed-up manner, havingRead MoreFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1447 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Henry once said, The eyes shout what the lips fear to say. In the movie Finding Forrester, the director, Gus Van Sant, chose to use eyes as a motif. Throughout the analysis of eyes, one can conclude that the director embedded this element into the movie in order to reveal the characters’ inner emotions and to reveal character development. Throughout the course of the movie there are several instances in which eyes and eye contact reveal affection and admiration. For example, when JamalRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Use of Film Trailers and Film Posters1090 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Use of Film Trailers and Film Posters Film posters come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and colours. Some have appealing pictures on that target a particular age group, some are for a general audience, but they all use the same things on the poster. Anchorage, Alliteration and Eye catching devices. You can find them at a wide range of places, like at the cinema inside and out, or on big billboards, or even in town. But they all have one target in Read MoreCaptain Phillips1271 Words   |  6 PagesName Professor Course Date Film project contrast paper Introduction Captain Phillips movie, examines the 2009 hijacking of a U.S container ship, by the name Maerks Alabama. The movie stars Tom Hanks as Richard Phillip (IMDb). It is a hard pounding thriller that exhibits the creativity of its director Paul Green Grass. According to Ryan McNeil (2013) the movie reflects on the primary effects of globalization, by showing the relationship between the ships commanding officer and the Somali captain

The Worlds Most Popular Languages

There are 6,909 languages actively  being spoken in the world today, although only about six percent of them have more than a million speakers each. As globalization becomes more common so does the learning of languages. People in many different countries see the value of learning a foreign language to improve their international business relations. Because of this, the number of people who speak certain languages will continue to rise. There are 10 languages that currently dominate the globe. Heres a list of the 10 most popular languages spoken worldwide, along with the number of countries where the language is established, and the approximate number of primary or first language speakers for that language: Chinese/Mandarin—37 countries, 13 dialects, 1,284 million speakersSpanish—31 countries, 437 millionEnglish—106 countries, 372 millionArabic—57 countries, 19 dialects, 295 millionHindi—5 countries, 260 millionBengali—4 countries, 242 millionPortuguese—13 countries, 219 millionRussian—19 countries, 154 millionJapanese—2 countries, 128 millionLahnda—6 countries, 119 million The Languages of China With more than 1.3 billion people living in China today, it is no surprise that Chinese is the most commonly spoken language. Due to the size of Chinas area and population, the country is able to sustain many unique and interesting languages. When speaking of languages, the term Chinese encompasses at least 15 dialects spoken in the country and elsewhere. Because Mandarin is the most commonly spoken dialect, many people use the word Chinese to refer to it. While roughly 70 percent of the country speaks Mandarin, many other dialects are spoken as well. The languages are mutually intelligible to a varying degree, depending on how close the languages are to one another. The four most popular Chinese dialects are Mandarin (898 million speakers), Wu (also known as Shanghainese dialect, 80 million speakers), Yue (Cantonese, 73 million), and Min Nan (Taiwanese, 48 million). Why Are There So Many Spanish Speakers? While Spanish is not a commonly heard language in most parts of Africa, Asia, and the majority of Europe, that hasnt stopped it from becoming the second most commonly spoken language. The spread of the Spanish  language is rooted in colonization. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, Spain colonized much of South, Central, and large parts of North America as well. Before being incorporated into the United States, places like Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona were all part of Mexico, a former Spanish colony. While Spanish is not a common language to hear in most of Asia, it is very common in the Philippines because it too was once a colony of Spain. Like Chinese, there are many dialects of Spanish. The vocabulary between these dialects varies greatly depending on what country one is in. Accents and pronunciation also change between regions. While these dialectical differences can sometimes cause confusion, they do not block cross-communication between speakers. English, a Global Language English too, was a colonial language: British colonial efforts began in the 15th century and lasted until the early 20th century, including places as far flung as North America, India and Pakistan, Africa, and Australia. As with Spains colonial efforts, each country colonized by Great Britain retains some English speakers. After World War II, the United States led the world in both technological and medical innovation. Because of this, it was considered beneficial for students pursuing work in these fields to learn English. As globalization occurred, English became a shared common language. This caused many parents to push their children to study English as a second language in the hopes of better preparing them for the business world. English is also a useful language for travelers to learn because it is spoken in so many parts of the globe. A Global Language Network Since the popularity of social media, the development of a Global Language Network can be mapped using book translations, Twitter, and Wikipedia. These social networks are only available to elites, people with access to both traditional and new media. Statistics of use from these social networks indicate that while English is definitely the central hub in the Global Language Network, other intermediate hubs used by elites to communicate business and science information include German, French, and Spanish. Currently, languages such as Chinese, Arabic, and Hindi are vastly more popular than German or French, and it is likely that those languages will grow in use of traditional and new media. Sources Simons, Gary F., and Charles D. Fennig. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018Population, Total. World Bank 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018.Ronen, Shahar, et al. Links That Speak: The Global Language Network and Its Association with Global Fame. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.52 (2014): E5616-22. Print.Tang, Chaoju, and Vincent J. van Heuven. Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects Experimentally Tested. Lingua 119.5 (2009): 709-32. Print.Ushioda, E. M. A. The Impact of Global English on Motivation to Learn Other Languages: Toward an Ideal Multilingual Self. The Modern Language Journal 101.3 (2017): 469-82. Print.

CSR of Apple Free Essays

Apple is making genuine strides in the direction of environmental friendliness by designing for energy efficiency, reducing packaging, and using recycling materials. Its websites also releases an extensively breakdown of company’s annual corporate carbon emissions. Apple says it emits 10. We will write a custom essay sample on CSR of Apple or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million tons of carbon emissions annually. Meanwhile, HP says it releases 8. 4 million tons annually and it was just named the best SP companies for the planet by Newsweek. Dell came in second and emits just 471,000 tons annually. Both of those companies only assess what happens during the production process. By contrast, Apple includes what happens once the product is being produced. The biggest source of emissions comes from customers using its product at home. The next biggest source of emissions comes from manufacturing which accounts for 45% of company’s emissions. However, using less material may bring some problems to Apple. Some customers complain that Apple’s products are more fragile than its predecessors. Therefore, the balance between durable product and reducing materials is very important for its product design. Apple publishes a supplier code of conduct and launches supplier audits to ensure that the code of conduct is being followed. More importantly, Apple does not hide bad conducts of its suppliers and releases it to public. In its latest Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, Apple outlines its specific findings of its own supplier audits. In 2010, its audit of 127 facilities revealed 37 core violations; 18 facilities where workers had paid excessive recruitment fees, which it considers to be involuntary labor; 10 facilities where underage workers had been hired; two instances of workers endangerment; 4 facilities where records were falsified; 1 case of bribery; and 1 case of coaching workers on how to answer auditors’ questions. The transparency of Apple’s report reveals Apple’s concern for its suppliers’ actions. Even if Apple has outsourced its supply chain, it still has a corporate social responsibility to ensure socially and environmentally sound business practices of its subcontractors. Apple may be praised for its openness. However, some customers think Apple is merely trying to get ahead of the ever-pervasive media by releasing this information themselves. The enforceability of supplier code is much more important than making this information available to public. If Apple is determined to enforce its code f suppliers, its business may be disrupted by termination of contracts with suppliers because of its outsourcing of supply chain. Therefore, a back-up plan is needed to prevent disruption of business. Termination with suppliers may contribute to loss of reputation and increasing transaction costs with alternative suppliers. So another issue Apple needs to consider beforehand is supplier selection which is an important part of supplier management. Therefore, Apple should set up more eff icient and relevant performance measures of suppliers and continuously evaluate these measures. How to cite CSR of Apple, Papers

Avian Influenza free essay sample

Avian Influenza, also known as bird flu, is a zoonotic disease with several different subtypes that affect mostly other birds, but few can be transmitted to humans. The most prevalent avian influenza virus in humans is the highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus, which has caused over 380 confirmed cases in 15 countries (Rabinowitz, 2010). Majority of cases have been transmitted via bird-to-human, with rare cases of human-to-human transmission. Continued exposure to the virus not only poses the threat of ongoing morbidity and mortality, but also the threat of H5N1 being able to adapt and change allowing sustained human-to-human transmission. (Rabinowitz, 2010). Human exposure to H5N1 begins with the natural host for the virus, wild birds, which is then transmitted to domestic birds, and then finally reaching humans as a host. Starting with wild birds, most commonly waterfowl, the virus lives in the intestines and is shed through fecal matter, saliva, and nasal secretions. Most wild birds are resistant to infections associated with avian influenza A. Wild birds are exposed to the virus when they come into contact with contaminated nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from infected birds, most commonly fecal to oral transmission (Korteweg Gu, 2010). Transmission to domestic birds, mainly poultry, can occur with direct contact with infected birds or indirect exposure through contaminated dirt, cages, water, and feed. Domestic birds have little to no resistance to the virus and suffer serious health issues, often resulting in death (Influenza Viruses, 2005). In the case a human is infected with H5N1, transmission routes are either through direct contact or indirect contact. Direct contact consists of people holding, catching, hunting, or playing with unknowingly infected birds. Slaughtering, defeathering, processing and preparing poultry for consumption are other ways a person can be infected through direct contact. Examples of indirect contact are touching contaminated surfaces and materials, swimming in or washing with contaminated water, living and working in areas with contaminated air, or ingesting the active virus in contaminated food (Rabinowitz, 2010). There is little evidence supporting human-to-human transmission and few cases have been confirmed. From what is known, intimate and close contact with infected individuals are possible routes of transmission (Avian Influenza A, 2005). The potential for H5N1 to develop into a strain easily transmissible from person to person in a sustained matter poses as a threat for a possible pandemic infection (Influenza Viruses, 2005). Signs and symptoms associated with H5N1 are much like those of the more common seasonal flu virus; fever, headache, sore throat, cough and rhinitis. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal complications, shortness of breath, lower respiratory problems, rhinorrhea, myalgia, diarrhea, leukopenia, lymphophenia, impaired liver function, renal impairment, and prolonged blood clotting (Apisarnthanarak, 2004). As of March 2011, over 530 confirmed human cases of H5N1 have been found in 15 countries since 2003 (WHO image 1), 85% occurring within Asian countries. Countries with the highest prevalence rates are Vietnam, Egypt, and Indonesia. Median age of those infected is 18 years old (Korteweg Gu, 2010). A contributing behavioral factor associated with the disease being more prevalent in children and young adults is the age groups participation in the slaughter, defeathering and cooking of poultry (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). H5N1 had not been seen in humans prior to 1997, first presenting itself in China. The virus was then seen again in humans in 2003, in Vietnam and again in China. By 2007, H5N1 had spread to Cambodia, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Laos, Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). The following public health organizations have been working closely together to track and control recent outbreaks: World Health Organization (WHO), Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). WHO has been responsible for providing recent data and statistics regarding H5N1 in humans. Avian Influenza is covered by GAR, WHO’s Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which is responsible for monitoring and keeping surveillance on the disease. OIE is responsible for reporting recent data relating specifically o outbreaks of avian influenza in animals. FAO, working collaboratively with OIE and WHO, â€Å"sets the context for national and regional strategies, policies, programs and projects designed to control and prevent the disease (Strategy and Policy)† from spreading. According to a study by Smallman-Raynor and Cliff (2008), fatality rates for H5N1 are greater than 50% in observed cases, which is muc h higher than the common flu virus. The virus has spread to over fifty countries on three continents, being labeled as a panzootic disease (animal disease equivalent to a pandemic in humans). H5N1 first crossed species barriers to humans in 1997 and has extended its host range to several other mammals, causing severe disease and death. An approach to control the spread of this disease amongst birds has been culling of exposed birds, quarantine and disinfecting. However, Avian Influenza continues to spread due in part to migratory birds becoming infected (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). The virus’s ability to evolve poses as threat and is currently classified by WHO at Phase 3 of the global pandemic alert for influenza.