Chemotherapy A Treatment for Cancer Essay - 677 Words

There are many different type of cancers, there are also many different types of treatments. One of the most known types of treatments would be chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used for a wide range of different types of cancers and diseases, and each of the different types of cancers or diseases require a different group, and sometimes order, of chemicals to properly treat the cancer or disease. These chemicals include: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Anthracyclines, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids, and more. Each of these drugs previously listed have its own cancer type(s) or disease(s) that it can assist in treating. Some of these cancers include: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple†¦show more content†¦According to the oral cancer foundation, â€Å"Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by interfering with the cancer cells ability to grow. It is one of the three main methods utilized to treat cancer.† With cancer being a potentially fatal disease it is important to diagnose it as soon as possible. the oncologist have to study the chemicals used so that they can determine what chemicals will treat the cancer or disease the best and what chemicals can be mixed together without any major side effects. The drugs can be divided into groups based on how they work, their chemical structure, and their relationship to other drugs. Before chemotherapy the survival rate of people with cancer was lower. Cancer cannot be eliminated by natural resources; however, there is a way for someone who has had it to prevent it from coming back. It has been proven that if you get cancer it is likely to come back between 6 to 10 times. You can prevent this by eating healthy. By eating healthy you strengthen your immune system allowing it to be able to fight and destroy the cancer cells living in your body. Chemotherapy has helped society by helping save millions, maybe even bill ions of peoples’ lives. In my opinion I think that scientist, chemist, and oncologistShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe word chemotherapy means the use of any kind of drug to treat a disease, but today, it is most used in a cancer context. These drugs can also be known as cytotoxic (i.e. cell-killing) drugs or as antineoplastic (i.e. anti-cancer) drugs. But what is this complex disease called cancer? Cancer is a multi-step process mainly characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation. Chemotherapy is very different from other cancer treatments, such as surgery or radiotherapy. One of the mainRead MoreApplying Chemistry to Fighting Cancer Essay912 Words   |  4 Pageswas said to have an estimated 1.6 million cancer patients. The majority of cancer patients turn to chemotherapy in hope to kill off all the spreading cancer cells so they can have a chance to live again. Chemotherapy is defined as the use of any drug to treat any disease, however people most commonly associate chemotherapy with drugs used to treat cancer. Although chemotherapy could be very effective, the rate of success solely depends on the type of cancer the patient has and could potentially beRead MoreColorectal Cancer : An End Stage Disease1135 Words   |  5 Pagescolorectal cancer has a poor prognosis; therefore, traditional treatment such as systemic chemotherapy is usually associated with less survival rate. Currently, several innovative individuals globally are seeking to utilise more rapi d and thorough strategies for the management of colorectal cancer. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) is one of the most popularised methods of managing the disease in some selected patients. Peritoneal carcinomatosis has been established as one of the major causes of treatment failureRead MoreMedical Advancements And Treatment Of Cancer1587 Words   |  7 Pagesmore commonly known as cancer, can arise anywhere in the body in various sizes, shape and form, and can affect anyone. The treatment of cancer depends on the various factors, namely the type of cancer, how far it has grown and spread, and how fast it is growing. Medical advancements are continuing to benefit the treatment of cancer, as they are being detected earlier and patients are living longer. I will be discussing the three most used cancer treatments; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; andRead MoreRadiation versus Chemotherapy in the Elderly with Breast Cancer1113 Words   |  5 PagesRadiation versus Chemotherapy in the Elderly with Breast Cancer In clinical practice today the population is increasing in the number of elderly patients, as is the occurrence of breast cancer in women 60 years of age and older. According to Tang et al. (2011) the occurrence of breast cancer in women 65 years old and older is greater than â€Å"400 cases per 100, 000 women† (p. 3). The appropriate treatment options for the elderly are not as standard as those for a younger generation related to theRead MoreThe Many Uses of Radiation in Medicine651 Words   |  3 Pagesautomatically think cancer. There are many uses of radiation in medicine. There are several ways to detect forms of cancer in the body. One form of detection is having a positron emission tomography scan also knows as a PET scan. Radiation is also used as a therapy through the use of a treatment using chemotherapy. There is also a form of treatment called Radiation therapy that is used as a medical use. The journey from using radiation to detect if the body has cancer, t o the treatment types of therapyRead MoreCancer Research1035 Words   |  5 Pagesnew cases of cancer and an estimated of 595,690 people will die from the disease in 2016 (Cancer Statistics†). Cancer is a very common aliment that affects men, women, children, and all races and ethnicities. There are many different types of cancers, and cancer research has been a focal point for many scientists. There are various treatments that a cancer patient to undergo. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune therapy are among the most common ones. Each treatment works differentlyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Patients With Colon Cancer1510 Words   |  7 PagesInterventional Therapy Nearly one-third of patients diagnosed with colon cancer have metastatic disease (disease that has spread to other parts of the body) (Colon Cancer Alliance 2015a). The most common site of spread is the liver (Colon Cancer Alliance 2015a). Patients with rectal cancer may also have metastatic disease that has spread to the liver. Ablation and embolization are interventional therapies directed at the liver to destroy cancer cells. Ablation This technique destroys tumors without removingRead MoreBreast Cancer Treatment1620 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of populationRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea And Nausea1377 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Cancer patients frequently experience chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting which affect their nutritional intake, quality of life, activity of daily living and the course of chemotherapy treatment. Whereas most acute chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting are treated with anti-emetics during chemotherapy, anticipatory and delayed chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting can have a detrimental effect on the patients quality

The Broad Adoption Of A Legislative Framework - 1936 Words

Analysis Within EW there is no specific mention of hate crime legislation; however there is the broad adoption of a legislative framework, focusing on a human rights perspective; inclusive of both minority and majority groups (Giannasi, 2008). EW’s legislative approach allows for the following: 1. Enhanced sentencing – courts are obligated to enhance sentences, if proven a crime was motivated by hostility based on race/religious grounds. 2. Incitement legislation – the criminalisation of acts where an offender insinuates hatred on the grounds of race or religion. 3. Specific offences – introduction of specific offences which are hate crimes. (ibid) Social recognition of hate crime has seen rapid movement within law making within the†¦show more content†¦Saucier et al’s (2006) research into the victimisation of hate crime, did however find that victims felt penalty enhancements offered more appropriate punishment. The key legislation against racial hate crime in EW is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Iganski, 2008). The legislation requires courts to enhance sentence penalties of racially aggravated offences, beyond sentences required for non-racial equivalents (ibid). This act for enhanced sentencing requires two tests to be applied in order to prove ‘hostility’ (Mason, 2014, cited in Hall et al, 2014). The first test assesses motivation, whilst the second requires evidence that an offender ‘demonstrated’ racial or religious hostility before, during or after an offence (ibid). This evidence is usually provided within manifestation of verbal or written communication being submitted before a court (ibid). Burney and Rose’s (2002) research for the Home Office raised concerns surrounding what did or didn’t amount to racial motivation, particularly in cases when the racially aggravation was added to the substantive offence, rather than the cause. The research identified the vast majority of prosecutions rely upon proof that the offender demonstrated such hostility rather than proof that the offender was actually motivated by hostility to commit the offence (ibid). Over 10 years

Seldom has a single discovery in chemistry had su Essay Example For Students

Seldom has a single discovery in chemistry had su Essay ch a impact on the thinking of so many fields of human endeavor. Seldom has a single discovery generated such wide public interest.From Taylor, 1987The radiocarbon dating process was developed by physicist Willard F. Libby (please see photo) in 1948 with the help of two scientists, Dr. E.C. Anderson and Dr. James R. Arnold. Libby was born on December 17, 1908 in Grand Valley, Colorado. He taught at the University of California-Berkeley from 1933-1941. In 1941 Libby began working on the Manhattan Project, a top secret project supported by the United States government. The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop an atomic bomb. The scientists involved in the project succeeded and their efforts directly correlated to the end of WWII. Libbys discovery of radiocarbon coincidentally took place at the University of Chicago, the same place where the beginnings of the atom bomb occurred. Both the atom bomb and radiocarbon dating influence the field of science even today. In 1960 Libby won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for his method to use Carbon-14 for age determinations in archaeology, geology, and other bran!ches of science. Libby died in 1980. Radiocarbon dating is a technique in which scientists can answer many questions about the past in the fields of archaeology, anthropology, atmospheric science, biomedicine, climatology, geology, oceanography, and palaeoclimatology.Scientists, with the help of the radiocarbon dating process, are able to date objects such as skeletons, fossils, and ancient artifacts like pottery and tools. The dates of these objects allow scientists to show how long ago a civilization (i.e. Incans, Sumerians, etc.) lived, how old something is, and ultimately, is the bible correct. A normal carbon atom, Carbon-12, has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. A Carbon-14 isotope is extremely unstable, and therefore, radioactive. Carbon-12 accounts for 98.89% of all carbon present. Carbon-13 accounts for 1.11% and C-14, radiocarbon is .0000000010% of all carbon in the world. From these numbers, it can be determined that for every atom of Carbon-14, there are1,000,000,000,000 Carbon-12 atoms out there. Carbon-14 has two extra neutrons, brining its neutron total to eight. Carbon-14 returns to its stable form of Carbon-12 through a process of decay. The radiocarbon process is based on the rate of decay of the unstable Carbon-14 isotope. Carbon-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere of the earth when cosmic rays and Nirogen-14 interact. The reaction is:14N+n=14C+p(where n is a neutron and p is a proton)Scientists believe that these cosmic rays have been bombarding the earths upper atmosphere since the beginning of time, while the amount of nitrogen in the earths u pper atmosphere has remained constant as well. The formation of Carbon-14 is thought to occur at a constant rate. Thus, for Carbon-14 to have occurred at a constant rate since the beginning of time, so must have the amount of cosmic rays and nitrogen in the earths atmosphere. The current ratio of Carbon-14 to other forms of carbon is known, though scientists are not sure whether that ratio has been the same for all of time. The do, however, say that the radiocarbon process is accurate in dating objects back to at least 50,000 years. The Carbon-14 formed in the upper atmosphere of the earth is rapidly oxidized into 14CO2 and then is able to enter the earths plant and animal life through the process of photosynthesis, by way of the food chain, and also enters the earths oceans in an atmospheric exchange and as a dissolved carbonate. This rapid dispersal of Carbon-14 into the earths atmosphere has been demonstrated by measurements of radioactive carbon that has been produced from thermonuclear bomb testing. Plants and animals, which utilize carbon in biological food chains, will at one time or another, take up Carbon-14. When this plant or animal dies, there is no more intake of Carbon-14, or any other substance for that matter. This is when the process of carbon dating begins. Libby and other scientists discovered that the decay of Carbon-14 occurs at a constant rate. The half-life of Carbon-14, they said, was 5,568+/-30 years. This is known as the Libby half-life. If, for example, a brontosaurus died, half of its Carbon-14 would be gone 5,568 years after his death. Leaving him with 50% of its original total. Another 5,568 years after that, half of his previous total would be left, leaving it with a total of 25% of that when it was alive. This process can, and will continue forever, because the brontosaurus will always have some of the carbon left, even if it is a very minute amount.After ten half-lives, however, there is a very small amount of radioactive material left. At about 50,000-60,000 years, the limit of radiocarbon dating has been reached and the results will not be accurate. By measuring the radioactivity of an object whose age is not known, it is possible to find the number of decay events per gram of carbon. By comparing an!object with modern levels of activity and using the half-life method, it becomes possible to calculate a date of death for the object. For example, if one was to measure the amount of Carbon-14 left in a tree that has long since been dead and whose time of de ath was unknown, and compared that measurement with the measurement one would get with the amount of Carbon-14 in a tree that had very recently died, they could date the dead tree. This is how one would go about finding the dates of death for objects. Career Goals EssayThe true beauty of radiocarbon dating though, is that any material composed of carbon can be dated. As one knows, carbon is present in everything that is or has at one time been alive. With that luxury, radiocarbon dating can be uniformly applied throughout the world. Currently there are over 130 radiocarbon dating laboratories around the world. These laboratories produce radiocarbon examinations and determinations for the scientific community. Not only the scientific community, but for anyone as well. If one has enough money and wants to know how old an object is, they need only to take it to a radiocarbon dating laboratory. The United States, Russia, China, and Germany have far more radiocarbon dating laboratories than other countries. A significant amount of these laboratories are at colleges and universities, though some privately owned laboratories are trusted by scientists and people world-wide. The largest radiocarbon dating facility in the world is in Miami, Florida. Beta Analytic is the largest radiocarbon dating laboratory in the world. It dates over 10,000 samples a year. Anyone can send a sample to be dated. All that is required, besides money, is that there be at least .03 grams of measurable carbon in the sample and, if the sample is sent

Insomnia Essays (1492 words) - Sleep Disorders, Insomnia

Insomnia Lying among tousled sheets, eluded by sleep with thoughts racing, many people wrestle with the nightly demon named insomnia. Insomnia is defined as, the perception or complaint of inadequate or poor-quality sleep because of one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night with difficulty returning to sleep, waking up too early in the morning, or unrefreshing sleep (Rajput 1431). Because the definition of poor-quality sleep is not the same for every person, it is not easy to determine the frequency and severity of its occurrence (Holbrook 216). To add to the complexity of this problem, there is not even one universal treatment that can be used effectively in all cases. Many effective treatments have been discovered, but there is no cure-all. The two most popularly used treatment methods are pharmocological treatment and behavioral-cognitive treatment . Each of these treatments has its pros and cons and is recommended for different types of patients. Although taking a pill every day would appear to be the simplest way of overcoming insomnia, it is, at best a temporary solution, and in recent years, use of drugs as a treatment has declined rapidly. Medical records show that the yearly number of prescriptions for sleeping pills peaked in 1972 and were cut in half by 1982. The reason for this decline is that a large amount of cases, insomnia has been proven to be a symptom of an underlying . . . problem (Sweeney 231). Drugs can be a good solution for a short period of time, but their long term use is discouraged, because a tolerance can develop after four weeks of regular use (Espie (?) 115-116). There are three main types of drugs used for treatment--benzodiapine hypnotics, sedating antidepressants, and antihistamines. Benzodiapine hypnotics are the most prescribed drugs for treating insomnia. They are most useful when treating short term problems and have relatively few side effects when used correctly. They reduce the time for sleep onset and increase sleep efficiency. Long-term use can lead to physical and psychological dependence and abruptly discontinuing their use may cause symptoms of withdraw. (Zammit 132-135). Gradually tapering off the drug is recommended to prevent rebound insomnia. The possible side-effects of benzodiapines include inducing anterograde amnesia, excitability, agression, and symptoms of depression. (Longo 2121). Benzodiapines can be especially harmful for the elderly. They can heighten the symptoms of demensia related disorders. Pregnant women are also discouraged from taking benzodiapines because they are considered teratogens (substances that can reach a fetus and cause harm) (Myers 118). A secondary option to benzodiapines is sedating antidepressants. These drugs can promote sleep onset and maintain sleep (Zammit 136), but they have not been scientifically proven to treat insomnia. There is no risk of dependence on antidepressants but it is possible for them to become ineffective after a very short time. The third drug option is antihistamines, which besides helping with allergies, are said to decrease sleep onset and reduce time in REM sleep. Many antihistamines are available without a prescription. They are not recommended for treating insomnia because they are not sedatives and very few studies have been done to show their effectiveness. There are also side effects such as dry mouth and urinary retention associated with antihistamines (Walbroehl 1911). In addition to drugs, there are other sleeping pills available. These natural remedies are not regulated by the FDA and it is difficult to accurately jusdge their effectiveness and safety. One of these remedies, which has gained a lot of attention recently, is melatonin. This hormone, naturally secreted by the pineal gland, helps control the sleep-wake cycle. It is now sold as a dietery supplement which aids in sleep. It is still in the process of being tested as an accepted treatment for insomnia. Many results of these tests are coming back favorably, but there are still many questions about its safety to be answered. (Cupp ?) An alternative to sleeping pills, cognitive-behavior therapy can sometimes be used effectively as a treatment. This therapy focuses on encouraging the patient to eliminate behavior incompatible with sleep (Rajput 1431). This treatment has many components, which include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation techniques, and cognitive therapy (GN 103). According to _____, all