Marry Shelley :: essays research papers

     Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was conceived on August 30, 1797, in London, Britain. She was bound to carry on with a phenomenal life. Her folks were two of the most noted freethinkers of the Enlightenment time. Her dad, William Godwin, was a commended logician and student of history. He was known for gorging and obtaining cash who might give him a credit. He didn’t possess a lot of energy for anything besides his philosophical thoughts. He met his match in Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary’s mother. She was just as much a radical mastermind as Godwin. She announced herself autonomous at 21 years old. She also, her sisters ran a school in France, where she engaged in extramarital relations with a military skipper and had her first youngster, Fanny, without any father present. In the wake of being relinquished, she and Fanny moved back to England and endeavored self destruction. She started composing. She was notable for her progressive women's activist works. Wollstonecraft and Godwin met an evening gathering at Godwin’s home also, the two started an undertaking. Wollstonecraft was five months pregnant when she wedded Godwin. In spite of the fact that Godwin and Wollstonecraft didn’t concur with the entire marriage thing, they needed Mary’s youngsters to be real youngsters. Mary’s mother kicked the bucket of difficulties only ten days after Mary was conceived. Her dad was a self-ingested scholarly and was left to deal with his little girls in solitude. Despite the fact that he cherished his girls, the duty of raising them all alone was a lot for him and before long started searching for a spouse.      Godwin wedded four years after the fact to Mary Jane Clairmont. She turned out to be a mean and shallow lady who supported her own two kids over Mary and Fanny. Mary was an enthusiastic kid and was frequently rewarded unjustifiably by her stepmother. She got visit whippings which prompted her defiance of a girl’s conventional job. Therefore, Mary minded her own business and was despondent and alone. In spite of the fact that she didn’t have proper instruction, she picked up on the scholarly condition made by her dad and his guests. Mary was very splendid and started perusing the compositions of her mom around the age of eight. She had retained each word by the age of ten. Mary spent numerous hours at her preferred understanding spot, her mother’s grave.      Percy Shelley, a writer, was an admirer and companion of William Godwin what's more, invested a lot of energy at the Godwin house. Shelley additionally appreciated the compositions of Mary’s mother.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry Foundation: Flight industry is an image of thorough national force and a critical piece of the national resistance. It is likewise a huge assurance for national security and a fundamental help for the advancement of monetary and society. In the whole aeronautics industry, common avionics is comprised of a wide range of flying exercises utilizing airplane with the exception of military applications, which incorporates protection, police and customs, and the common flight incorporates business flying and general flying. As of late, the quick advancement of common aeronautics assumes an undeniably significant job in the avionics business. Regarding globalization, the avionics business is chiefly packed in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia and some other created locales. Alongside the fast improvement of the worldwide economy, the eagerness for creating flying industry of numerous new industrialized nations has likewise been enormously motivated. Various very good quality assembling, including the aeronautics business, are moving from created nations to creating nations, to fulfill the worldwide market need, many created nations and creating nations started the participation. The monetary disturbance and budgetary emergency of the flow world has caused an extraordinary stun on aeronautics industry, in spite of the fact that the condition is getting improved, it is still exceptionally hard to anticipate what the future will be. As one of the pioneers of the flight business everywhere throughout the world, the market of avionics industry in the United States has been extraordinarily influenced as of late. The fallen cost of tickets, rising cost of oil, just as hostile to imposing business model arrangement, all impactsly affect the common flight industry in America. Merger mix is pattern of the advancement of universal flying industry as of late. There are numerous models: In Europe, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines were converged in 2003; Lufthansa bought Swiss Air in 2005, and later bought the Austrian Airlines; British Airways and Iberia Airlines converged in 2010 . After a progression of mergers and rearrangements, the market is brimming with essentialness and serious force. In the United States as of late, the activity of common aeronautics industry has gotten significantly more troublesome and numerous carrier organizations are looking to get through this condition by mergers and acquisitions. In 2005, US Airways blended America West Airlines; Delta Air Lines bought Northwest Airlines in 2008; after two years, the United Airlines and Continental Airlines were consolidated and transformed into the United Continental Holdings fused; in 2011, Southwest Airlines bought the AirTran and following two years, American Airlines combined US A irways. After the mergers and redesigns, these organizations working execution starts to emerge from downturn, however whether the particular outcomes truly are hopeful? This thesis will make examination and judgment. Congress diminished the control of the market in 1978, which brought the US economy advertise unrivaled premiums. America has an experienced aeronautics industry showcase, which has become a significant factor of the development of economy now. Regardless of whether there is a little change in the business, it can welcome a major effect on different perspectives. In this intense serious condition at home and abroad, the common avionics industry pulls in significantly more consideration. Fixation Tendency Lately, the flying business in the United States had produced a ton of new organizations and there have been a great deal of insolvency and merger marvels, which will undoubtedly influence the opposition propensity of the flying business. In this exposition, the techniques used to compute the centralization of flight industry are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CRn). The estimation strategy for industry focus list is the most well-known, and it is likewise a significant pointer of estimating the market structure. It demonstrates the level of centralization of the business by figuring the extent of the applicable worth, (for example, deals, esteem included, number of workers, absolute resources, and so forth.) of the principal biggest n organizations in the business toward those of the whole business. For instance, CR4 alludes to the pertinent piece of the pie involved by the four biggest undertakings and CR8 implies the significant piece of the pie involved by the eight biggest ventures. On the off chance that the CRn is more noteworthy, it showing a higher level of convergence of the business and the almost certain for rivalry in the market will in general be monopolistic; despite what might be expected, the lower the focus is, the more probable for rivalry in the market will in general be competitive.(MBAlib, 2012) The recipe is: CRn=. In this recipe, Si implies the piece of the pie of the venture I, n implies the complete number of firms (for example, the number is 4 or 8.) in the business. In any case, the detriment of CRn is that this fixation proportion can't show the absolute number of ventures which are working and serious in this industry. For instance, the piece of the overall industry of 2 CR4 with a similar estimation of 75% in two distinct enterprises probably won't be the equivalent, on the grounds that there might be just a couple of organizations in a single industry and the other business may have numerous organizations. In this way, in the thesis, HHI will be utilized to quantify the market fixation to improve the believability of the information. HHI figures the entirety of the squares of piece of the pie of the biggest 50 organizations in this industry (if the quantity of organizations is under 50, it incorporates all endeavors). Clearly, the more noteworthy HHI is, the higher the level of market fixation and the higher the level of imposing business model. The record can not just mirror the piece of the pie of huge undertakings, yet additionally can mirror the market structure other than huge ventures. In this way, HHI can mirror the effect of huge ventures available all the more precisely. The equation is: HHI=2. In this recipe, Si implies the piece of the overall industry of the venture I, n implies the all out number of firms in the business. HHI changes between 1/n and 1, which shows that the higher worth is, the more prominent lopsidedness dispersion of the size of a firm. For whatever length of time that organizations consolidate, the estimation of HHI will increment; as long as the organizations break down, the estimation of HHI will be diminished. The benefit of HHI are it reflects enormous scope organizations piece of the overall industry all the more delicately, while reflects numerous little businesses’ piece of the overall industry practically nothing, and it can't be influenced by the quantity of organizations and the size dispersion of the business, which is smarter to quantify the adjustments in the market centralization of the industry.(MBAlib, 2010) This table outlines the estimations of CR4, CR8 and HHI in ten years. As indicated by the fixation proportion CR4 and CR8, it very well may be clearly discovered that the avionics business was carrying on as an oligopoly and was an exceptionally thought industry, while as far as HHI, the market focus was moderate. The entirety of the 3 qualities were continuing diminishing from 2001 to 2006 and seemed to wind up in a real predicament in 2007, wherein year the economy emergency occurred. From that point onward, the inclination of market focus was improved and arrived at another stature in 2013. (Ahren J. 2011) In rundown, the degree of market centralization of flight industry was diminishing first and afterward continuing expanding in the United States. Likewise, the opposition inclination additionally abandoned serious to monopolistic, which demonstrates the quantity of organizations was diminished and the pieces of the pie of enormous firms have expanded. References: MBAlib (2010) Concentration Ratioà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…'CRn[online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E2%80%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 [Accessed 29 January 2015] Ahren Johnston (2011) CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE?[online]New York, Journal of Transportation Management. Accessible from: http://www.deltanualpha.org/pdfarticles/2011/Ahren%20Johnston.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2015] MBAlib (2012) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index [online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%87 [Accessed 29 January 2015]

Whats going on at SIPA Monday, September 8 Friday, September 12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

What’s going on at SIPA Monday, September 8 â€" Friday, September 12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Classes have begun and we already have a set of events planned at SIPA next week. You can find a full list of events on our website. But here’s a short list of what you could find yourself doing next week: TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 09, 2014 The Being Young Forum: From Silicon Valley to Zhongguancun: Who Will Be More Innovative, Young People in the U.S. or China? Dean Merit E. Janow of the School of International and Public Affairs and President Debora Spar of Barnard College invite you to participate in a special televised discussion on campus. Architecture and Diplomacy: Transatlantic Approaches: The presentations and panels of professionals in architecture, history, and government explore the “architecture of diplomacy” across the Atlantic. A reception and an exhibition of Columbia architecture students’ works will follow the event. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2014 Origins of Environmental Law Lecture Series: The Structure and Role of Congress in Environmental Policy This lecture by Leon G. Billings and Thomas C. Jorling will provide a comprehensive overview of the factors that influence environmental policy and the political climate, such as the structure and personalities of the members and staff of the Senate subcommittee, and the role of lobbyists, administration staff, and the media. It will look specifically at how the media portrayed major environmental legislation and how commentary from figures such as Rachael Carson and Barry Commoner may have influenced Congress in the 1960s and 1970s. The New Brazil: Achievements and Challenges: A talk about Brazils need for more savings and investment, better education, and a reduction in the Brazil cost of doing business. This talk is part of the course Political, Social, and Economic Development of Brazil (Instructor Sidney Nakahodo). THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2014 Perspectives on Public Integrity: Ben Olken Maximizing Illicit Profits: Understanding How Corrupt Officials Choose How Much to Charge for Bribes: Professor Benjamin Olken of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Jameel Poverty Action Lab will discuss the quantitative methods employed by leading economists to tackle corruption worldwide. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2014 ISIS in Iraq, Syria, and the U.S.: Saltzman Institute members and frequent media contributors Austin Long and Stuart Gottlieb will discuss the growing regional and global threat posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). A Talk by Ambassador Ian Kelly: A talk by Ambassador Ian Kelly about his experiences dealing with Russia during his foreign service career; he’ll also discuss opportunities at the State Department. Also Like Life: The Films of Hou Hsiao-hsien: A discussion about the work of Taiwans celebrated filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien in conjunction with the Museum of the Moving Images retrospective Also Like Life: The Films of Hou Hsiao-hsien.

Movie Analysis Going Audience - 1181 Words

Whenever any film is released to the mainstream American movie going audience, it becomes subject to the wrath or appraise of movie critics. Audiences not set on whether or not they intend to see a particular film usually turn to these critics for their professional opinions and judge whether or not the movie will be worth the time and money. When Election hit the silver screen in 1999, it was met with critical acclaim and well-received by audiences. Since its premier, the film was gained a legacy as one of TIME’s Top 50 Films about High School and was even listed as President Obama’s favorite political film. At its release, three critics, Roger Ebert, David Butterworth, and James Berardinelli, shelled out their varying opinions on the many factors of the film, such as characterization and script. Although none had any scathing comments for the film, they did all reach different opinions regarding the overall quality and potential of the film, and Roger Ebert’s r eview, due in part to his relatability and detailed understanding, stands above the writings of Butterworth and Berardinelli. The late Roger Ebert is perhaps the most well-regarded and influential film critic of the modern age. Ebert achieved notoriety in the world of film criticism with his review of George Romero’s Night of the Living Dead. The review was picked up by Reader’s Digest, and what followed Ebert was a substantial career in film criticism, culminating in a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, successfulShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Poster783 Words   |  4 Pages Design Analysis Essay BCM 110 In this essay I am going to analyse the movie poster for the film ‘Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl’ . This film was released in 2003 directed by Gore Verbinski and it was a huge Box-Office hit and had great reviews . It also made Johnny Depp the superstar he is now and it stars other actors such as Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley . The genre of the film is an action adventure film with lots of other elements in it . Read MoreEssay on Production Report1087 Words   |  5 PagesThriller Movie, a Children’s Television Programme, A magazine or a Radio Advert. After looking at them carefully, I decided to produce an opening sequence of a Thriller Movie. The sequence had to be at least two minutes long. 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However, deception is used quite often in The Prestige. We see this in many forms, from the main characters to the simple things like the magic tricks, but why is deception so important in magic and moviesRead MoreShadow of the Doubt Last Scene1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Shadow of a Doubt is an American thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1943, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing and Original Story by Thornton Wilder and Sally Benson. The movie notes the outstanding and remarkable film-making style of Hitchcock. It contains a lot of scenes in which people can empathise with the characters and perceive the feelings and messages from the director. One of the scenes that must be mentioned is when Emmy’s guests are toasting toRead MoreMovie Review: Memento74 6 Words   |  3 PagesMovie Review: Memento Once in a while, a movie turns up and gives extreme experience to viewers. Memento is one of these movies and calls a lot from the viewers. This is not a movie that nearly every audience will be able to grasp without difficulty. When one is passive while viewing this movie, he or she will end up not seeing significant parts of the story as the film is done in reverse to demonstrate the dilemma of the leading role, Leonard. The story line is imparted in a mixed-up manner, havingRead MoreFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1447 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Henry once said, The eyes shout what the lips fear to say. In the movie Finding Forrester, the director, Gus Van Sant, chose to use eyes as a motif. Throughout the analysis of eyes, one can conclude that the director embedded this element into the movie in order to reveal the characters’ inner emotions and to reveal character development. Throughout the course of the movie there are several instances in which eyes and eye contact reveal affection and admiration. For example, when JamalRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Use of Film Trailers and Film Posters1090 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Use of Film Trailers and Film Posters Film posters come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and colours. Some have appealing pictures on that target a particular age group, some are for a general audience, but they all use the same things on the poster. Anchorage, Alliteration and Eye catching devices. You can find them at a wide range of places, like at the cinema inside and out, or on big billboards, or even in town. But they all have one target in Read MoreCaptain Phillips1271 Words   |  6 PagesName Professor Course Date Film project contrast paper Introduction Captain Phillips movie, examines the 2009 hijacking of a U.S container ship, by the name Maerks Alabama. The movie stars Tom Hanks as Richard Phillip (IMDb). It is a hard pounding thriller that exhibits the creativity of its director Paul Green Grass. According to Ryan McNeil (2013) the movie reflects on the primary effects of globalization, by showing the relationship between the ships commanding officer and the Somali captain

The Worlds Most Popular Languages

There are 6,909 languages actively  being spoken in the world today, although only about six percent of them have more than a million speakers each. As globalization becomes more common so does the learning of languages. People in many different countries see the value of learning a foreign language to improve their international business relations. Because of this, the number of people who speak certain languages will continue to rise. There are 10 languages that currently dominate the globe. Heres a list of the 10 most popular languages spoken worldwide, along with the number of countries where the language is established, and the approximate number of primary or first language speakers for that language: Chinese/Mandarin—37 countries, 13 dialects, 1,284 million speakersSpanish—31 countries, 437 millionEnglish—106 countries, 372 millionArabic—57 countries, 19 dialects, 295 millionHindi—5 countries, 260 millionBengali—4 countries, 242 millionPortuguese—13 countries, 219 millionRussian—19 countries, 154 millionJapanese—2 countries, 128 millionLahnda—6 countries, 119 million The Languages of China With more than 1.3 billion people living in China today, it is no surprise that Chinese is the most commonly spoken language. Due to the size of Chinas area and population, the country is able to sustain many unique and interesting languages. When speaking of languages, the term Chinese encompasses at least 15 dialects spoken in the country and elsewhere. Because Mandarin is the most commonly spoken dialect, many people use the word Chinese to refer to it. While roughly 70 percent of the country speaks Mandarin, many other dialects are spoken as well. The languages are mutually intelligible to a varying degree, depending on how close the languages are to one another. The four most popular Chinese dialects are Mandarin (898 million speakers), Wu (also known as Shanghainese dialect, 80 million speakers), Yue (Cantonese, 73 million), and Min Nan (Taiwanese, 48 million). Why Are There So Many Spanish Speakers? While Spanish is not a commonly heard language in most parts of Africa, Asia, and the majority of Europe, that hasnt stopped it from becoming the second most commonly spoken language. The spread of the Spanish  language is rooted in colonization. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, Spain colonized much of South, Central, and large parts of North America as well. Before being incorporated into the United States, places like Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona were all part of Mexico, a former Spanish colony. While Spanish is not a common language to hear in most of Asia, it is very common in the Philippines because it too was once a colony of Spain. Like Chinese, there are many dialects of Spanish. The vocabulary between these dialects varies greatly depending on what country one is in. Accents and pronunciation also change between regions. While these dialectical differences can sometimes cause confusion, they do not block cross-communication between speakers. English, a Global Language English too, was a colonial language: British colonial efforts began in the 15th century and lasted until the early 20th century, including places as far flung as North America, India and Pakistan, Africa, and Australia. As with Spains colonial efforts, each country colonized by Great Britain retains some English speakers. After World War II, the United States led the world in both technological and medical innovation. Because of this, it was considered beneficial for students pursuing work in these fields to learn English. As globalization occurred, English became a shared common language. This caused many parents to push their children to study English as a second language in the hopes of better preparing them for the business world. English is also a useful language for travelers to learn because it is spoken in so many parts of the globe. A Global Language Network Since the popularity of social media, the development of a Global Language Network can be mapped using book translations, Twitter, and Wikipedia. These social networks are only available to elites, people with access to both traditional and new media. Statistics of use from these social networks indicate that while English is definitely the central hub in the Global Language Network, other intermediate hubs used by elites to communicate business and science information include German, French, and Spanish. Currently, languages such as Chinese, Arabic, and Hindi are vastly more popular than German or French, and it is likely that those languages will grow in use of traditional and new media. Sources Simons, Gary F., and Charles D. Fennig. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018Population, Total. World Bank 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018.Ronen, Shahar, et al. Links That Speak: The Global Language Network and Its Association with Global Fame. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.52 (2014): E5616-22. Print.Tang, Chaoju, and Vincent J. van Heuven. Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects Experimentally Tested. Lingua 119.5 (2009): 709-32. Print.Ushioda, E. M. A. The Impact of Global English on Motivation to Learn Other Languages: Toward an Ideal Multilingual Self. The Modern Language Journal 101.3 (2017): 469-82. Print.

CSR of Apple Free Essays

Apple is making genuine strides in the direction of environmental friendliness by designing for energy efficiency, reducing packaging, and using recycling materials. Its websites also releases an extensively breakdown of company’s annual corporate carbon emissions. Apple says it emits 10. We will write a custom essay sample on CSR of Apple or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million tons of carbon emissions annually. Meanwhile, HP says it releases 8. 4 million tons annually and it was just named the best SP companies for the planet by Newsweek. Dell came in second and emits just 471,000 tons annually. Both of those companies only assess what happens during the production process. By contrast, Apple includes what happens once the product is being produced. The biggest source of emissions comes from customers using its product at home. The next biggest source of emissions comes from manufacturing which accounts for 45% of company’s emissions. However, using less material may bring some problems to Apple. Some customers complain that Apple’s products are more fragile than its predecessors. Therefore, the balance between durable product and reducing materials is very important for its product design. Apple publishes a supplier code of conduct and launches supplier audits to ensure that the code of conduct is being followed. More importantly, Apple does not hide bad conducts of its suppliers and releases it to public. In its latest Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, Apple outlines its specific findings of its own supplier audits. In 2010, its audit of 127 facilities revealed 37 core violations; 18 facilities where workers had paid excessive recruitment fees, which it considers to be involuntary labor; 10 facilities where underage workers had been hired; two instances of workers endangerment; 4 facilities where records were falsified; 1 case of bribery; and 1 case of coaching workers on how to answer auditors’ questions. The transparency of Apple’s report reveals Apple’s concern for its suppliers’ actions. Even if Apple has outsourced its supply chain, it still has a corporate social responsibility to ensure socially and environmentally sound business practices of its subcontractors. Apple may be praised for its openness. However, some customers think Apple is merely trying to get ahead of the ever-pervasive media by releasing this information themselves. The enforceability of supplier code is much more important than making this information available to public. If Apple is determined to enforce its code f suppliers, its business may be disrupted by termination of contracts with suppliers because of its outsourcing of supply chain. Therefore, a back-up plan is needed to prevent disruption of business. Termination with suppliers may contribute to loss of reputation and increasing transaction costs with alternative suppliers. So another issue Apple needs to consider beforehand is supplier selection which is an important part of supplier management. Therefore, Apple should set up more eff icient and relevant performance measures of suppliers and continuously evaluate these measures. How to cite CSR of Apple, Papers

Avian Influenza free essay sample

Avian Influenza, also known as bird flu, is a zoonotic disease with several different subtypes that affect mostly other birds, but few can be transmitted to humans. The most prevalent avian influenza virus in humans is the highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus, which has caused over 380 confirmed cases in 15 countries (Rabinowitz, 2010). Majority of cases have been transmitted via bird-to-human, with rare cases of human-to-human transmission. Continued exposure to the virus not only poses the threat of ongoing morbidity and mortality, but also the threat of H5N1 being able to adapt and change allowing sustained human-to-human transmission. (Rabinowitz, 2010). Human exposure to H5N1 begins with the natural host for the virus, wild birds, which is then transmitted to domestic birds, and then finally reaching humans as a host. Starting with wild birds, most commonly waterfowl, the virus lives in the intestines and is shed through fecal matter, saliva, and nasal secretions. Most wild birds are resistant to infections associated with avian influenza A. Wild birds are exposed to the virus when they come into contact with contaminated nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from infected birds, most commonly fecal to oral transmission (Korteweg Gu, 2010). Transmission to domestic birds, mainly poultry, can occur with direct contact with infected birds or indirect exposure through contaminated dirt, cages, water, and feed. Domestic birds have little to no resistance to the virus and suffer serious health issues, often resulting in death (Influenza Viruses, 2005). In the case a human is infected with H5N1, transmission routes are either through direct contact or indirect contact. Direct contact consists of people holding, catching, hunting, or playing with unknowingly infected birds. Slaughtering, defeathering, processing and preparing poultry for consumption are other ways a person can be infected through direct contact. Examples of indirect contact are touching contaminated surfaces and materials, swimming in or washing with contaminated water, living and working in areas with contaminated air, or ingesting the active virus in contaminated food (Rabinowitz, 2010). There is little evidence supporting human-to-human transmission and few cases have been confirmed. From what is known, intimate and close contact with infected individuals are possible routes of transmission (Avian Influenza A, 2005). The potential for H5N1 to develop into a strain easily transmissible from person to person in a sustained matter poses as a threat for a possible pandemic infection (Influenza Viruses, 2005). Signs and symptoms associated with H5N1 are much like those of the more common seasonal flu virus; fever, headache, sore throat, cough and rhinitis. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal complications, shortness of breath, lower respiratory problems, rhinorrhea, myalgia, diarrhea, leukopenia, lymphophenia, impaired liver function, renal impairment, and prolonged blood clotting (Apisarnthanarak, 2004). As of March 2011, over 530 confirmed human cases of H5N1 have been found in 15 countries since 2003 (WHO image 1), 85% occurring within Asian countries. Countries with the highest prevalence rates are Vietnam, Egypt, and Indonesia. Median age of those infected is 18 years old (Korteweg Gu, 2010). A contributing behavioral factor associated with the disease being more prevalent in children and young adults is the age groups participation in the slaughter, defeathering and cooking of poultry (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). H5N1 had not been seen in humans prior to 1997, first presenting itself in China. The virus was then seen again in humans in 2003, in Vietnam and again in China. By 2007, H5N1 had spread to Cambodia, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, Laos, Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). The following public health organizations have been working closely together to track and control recent outbreaks: World Health Organization (WHO), Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). WHO has been responsible for providing recent data and statistics regarding H5N1 in humans. Avian Influenza is covered by GAR, WHO’s Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which is responsible for monitoring and keeping surveillance on the disease. OIE is responsible for reporting recent data relating specifically o outbreaks of avian influenza in animals. FAO, working collaboratively with OIE and WHO, â€Å"sets the context for national and regional strategies, policies, programs and projects designed to control and prevent the disease (Strategy and Policy)† from spreading. According to a study by Smallman-Raynor and Cliff (2008), fatality rates for H5N1 are greater than 50% in observed cases, which is muc h higher than the common flu virus. The virus has spread to over fifty countries on three continents, being labeled as a panzootic disease (animal disease equivalent to a pandemic in humans). H5N1 first crossed species barriers to humans in 1997 and has extended its host range to several other mammals, causing severe disease and death. An approach to control the spread of this disease amongst birds has been culling of exposed birds, quarantine and disinfecting. However, Avian Influenza continues to spread due in part to migratory birds becoming infected (Smallman-Raynor Cliff, 2008). The virus’s ability to evolve poses as threat and is currently classified by WHO at Phase 3 of the global pandemic alert for influenza.

Praying Mantiss Essays - Fauna Of California, Mantis, Mantidae

Praying Mantis's MANTODEA Most commonly known as the Praying Mantis, order mantodea is a group of about 1800 carnivorous insects which prodominatley live in tropical regions of the earth. Though certain species can be found in locations with moderate climate. With an extremely striking appearence, mantids almost have human like qualities with the ability to hold an erect stance, and arms that face forward. A very efficient killer, mantids were created for hunting and killing prey. Order Mantodea is in the subclass Pterygota. As with all classifications there can be debates on where certain orders or species belong. Historically there has been some confusion on whether Mantodea deserves there own order. Some experts have placed Mantodea in the dictyoptera order along with cock roaches (Ramel 1996, Jaques 1981, Phoenix Zoo). Others say mantids belong in Orthoptera, which consists of grasshoppers. Experts say this is due to their large pro notum (Stokes 1983, Borror and White 1970). The emerging consensus around the position of Mantodea believes Mantodea constitute their own independent order of insects. Mantids can be characterized by their triangular head, and filiform antennae. This head has the ability to turn 180 degrees. With their prominate pair of compound eyes located on Peters 2 the sides of the head, the mantis can almost see 360 degree's around. However the sharpest vision is located in the compound eye's center, for the mantis to optimaly see objects it must turn its head so that the eye is facing the object. These eyes are extremely sensitive to light, changing from light green or tan in bright light, to dark brown in the dark. The prothorax of the mantis is another aid in giving them their distintive appearence. This prothorax has the ability to bend and twist which aids in the mantids ability to see close to 360 degrees around. The two long ?raptorial? front legs are adapted to seize and hold prey. The coxa connects the tibia which has sharp spines to firmly hold prey. The femur has matching groves where the spine on the tibia fold into. This creates a ?jack knife? effect that allows the insect to assume it's distinctive praying position. The other four legs of the mantis are designed for locomotion. These legs can regenerate if broken, but only in the molting process. These limbs that regenerate are always smaller than they were originally. A full grown adult that no longer molts no longer possess the ability to regenerate limbs. The front ?raptorial? limbs do not regenerate if broken. Because of their large bulky bodies mantids are fairly weak flyers. They have four pairs of wings. The first pair are leathery tegmina wings that lay over the inner pair. The Peters 3 mambrenous inner pair are folded under the first pair and are used for flight and to startle enemies. The large segmented abdomen houses the digestive system and reproductive organs. The male mantis has 8 segments, and the females are born with 8 segments as well. But with each succesive molt in the female the last two segments begin to overlap resulting with 6 segments left. Sixty percent of mantid species possess an ultrasonic ear on the under side of the metathorax, especially those that have wings. The mantid is an ?auditory cyclops?, which means it only has one ear. The ear is 1mm long with cuticle like knobs at either end and two ear drums buried inside. The ear is specially tuned to very high ultrasonic freqeuncies of sound waves from 25 to 65 kilohertz. Apparently, the ears primary purpose is designed to respond to the ultrasonic echo-location signal used by hunting bats. The mantis primarily uses its ultrasonic ears while in flight. When a mantis senses a bat's ultrasonic echo at close range, it curls it's abdomen upwards and thrusts its legs outward creating a drag and resulting in a sudden aerial stall. This flight manuever of the mantis creates an unpredictable flight pattern for the bat, and is very effective at avoiding hungry bats. There are three ways to distinguish between female and male mantodea. The male has 8 segments, while the female has Peters 4 The second is size, the female is always bigger than the male. The third is behavior, the male mantis is more prone to take flight in search of a mate, while the female often remains stationary. Mantids are extremely predacious feeders, only eating live prey, or prey that is moving, and hence appears alive. Varying on the species, you can see what diet preferences are. Some species only eat ?soft bodied bugs?, insects that can be easily devoured. While some species will eat anything from small birds to

Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Essay Example

Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Essay Example Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Paper Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Paper One day sheikh Zayed asked by the journalist: â€Å" when you building this country, why did you give your people free education, health care and free services† Sheikh Zayed answered him: â€Å"I gave them free education, accommodation, health care and free services because they are my children. How you cut off from your own children’s expenses?† Sheikh Zayed was not only a president; he was a father, an adviser and a leader. He was close to his people; he sat among his people and listened to their needs, chatting and laughing with them. He didn’t put any barrier between him and his people. He could be termed as humble. Body The humble nature of this icon as well as his love for his people inspired him to bring change not only to his country but also to other citizens in other countries. He could be likened to a super hero who was always ready and willing to listen to the plight of the less fortunate and consequently do whatever was within his power to help these people. Thus, under his leadership a lot of charitable organizations were created that aimed at helping in one way or the other. One such example was the fact that he adopted as many orphans as possible not only in the EAU but also in other continents around the world. Other than his humanitarian efforts, the sheikh was a champion of environmental conservation efforts. For this, he received the champions of the earth award from the United Nations (NaÌ„diÌ„ TuraÌ„th al-ImaÌ„raÌ„t. et.al, 2001). His ability to combine wisdom with leadership was evidenced when he advocated that both the father and mother in a family set-up should share activity that would be parenthood. This opened up the doors for women to actively seek employment. He stated that Women have the right to work everywhere, he reasoned that Islam gives women their rightful status, and encourages them to work in all sectors, as long as they are afforded the appropriate respect. The basic role of women is the upbringing of children, but over and above that, we have to support and encourage any woman who chooses to perform other functions. making him not only a shrewd leader but also a great parent to his people. His wisdom extended to the policies that he created that were always in the best interest of his people. He shared the revenue brought in by oil to develop his people. These developments could be accessed by all his citizens and at no cost at all. He was not afraid of sharing the lands resources with his people (Morris, 1974). Furthermore his wisdom was responsible for the creation of peace without having to resort to bloodshed as was the case in the treaty of Jeddah. His role as an insightful advisor played an important role in negotiations that he always made whether to benefit his own people or other countries in the world. His ability to provide solutions for even the toughest problem was impeccable. One such success was his key contribution in the formation of the EAU. Conclusion Sheikh Zayed was a leader like no other. He never looked down at people because of their station, gender, religion, ethnicity or even race. To him, humanity was what mattered in the long run. While the whole world benefited in one way or the other through this leaders virtuous personality, the people of EAU were the luckiest to have been under his leadership. Thank you everyone for listening References Morris, C. (1974). The desert falcon: The story of H. H. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahiyan, President of the United Arab Emirates. London: Morris International. NaÌ„diÌ„ TuraÌ„th al-ImaÌ„raÌ„t., Markaz ZaÌ„yid lil-TuraÌ„th wa-al-TaÌ„riÌ„kh. (2001). Zayed, a photographic journey: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Heritage Club, and Zayid Center for Heritage and History.

Isaac’s Storm, by Erik Larson Research Paper

Isaac’s Storm, by Erik Larson - Research Paper Example (Isaacs Storm Erik Larson Book Review.). Symbolizing the storm, Mr. Larson quite clearly suggests his thesis as confluence of human error; arrogance and politics were the root causes that made the way for such a catastrophe. The writer, Thurston Hatcher rightly comments about the book that it is not a disaster book on the other hand it is a cautionary tale about an era in which great technological progress created a flawed sense of invincibility. One of the main points that Larson wants to boost through his work is that technological hubris will always place us in trouble with nature. Thurston Hatcher further comments that human beings are much concerned about the complacency that new tools can bring but at the same time he fails to give the deserving attention to the disaster that may happen one day. (Hatcher, 2000). In Isaac’s Storm Erik Larson tells the story of Galveston, its people and the hurricane that devastated them with the help of an effective blending of science and history. In narrating the whole episod e the author keeps the tempo rising in pace with the wind and waves. The personal account presented in this work attributes a realistic touch and promotes the reader’s credibility. The only fault that one could find is a lack of photographs because on a number of occasions Larson refers to old black and white photographs that he had seen during his research for this book, but he forgets to share these with his audience. Considering all these factors this is a great work worthy to be

Ba financial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ba financial - Essay Example Liability products consist of checking and savings account, fixed deposits, certificate of deposits, etc. These products are by nature liabilities for banks as a result of which banks are obliged to pay interest to the customers for all these products. Except for checking accounts all other liability products provide interest to the customers. In short liability products are intended to raise fund for providing asset products. Asset products: Asset products are the revenue earning products for the banks because such products are by nature, assets for the banks. The most common asset products offered by banks are loans (personal and business), credit cards and mortgages. Among these, loans are the most revenue generating asset products of the banks. Banks use the funds raised through their liability products for providing liability products. Therefore, both asset and liability products are equally important for commercial banks. Two liability and asset products that will be discussed further in this essay are Savings account, Certificate of deposits, Mortgage loans and Credit cards. Savings account and Certificate of deposits: Savings account and Certificate of Deposits (CD) are the two main liability products of commercial banks. Savings account provides modest interest rates to the account holders of the bank. It is a very liquid form of asset to the customers as they provide withdrawal of amount at any point of time. Savings account is the primary source for commercial banks to raise money for lending. For the customers it provides a liquid asset with modest interest. A certificate of deposit provides higher interest rates than that of a savings account. CD is a promissory note issued by a bank that entitles the bearer to receive interest. Unlike savings account there is restriction on the withdrawal of funds from CD until the end of the term. For the customers, CD’s provide a safe and high interest bearing investment though it is less liquid. For the banks it provides a source of fund for longer period as early withdrawals by the customers are not entertained. Mortgage loans and credit cards: Mortgage loan is a secured loan provided by the banks to the customers. Such loans are secured by real assets of the customers. Therefore, for the banks the risk of loss is limited compared to usual unsecured loans. Mortgage loans usually bear less interest rate than unsecured loans. Such loans are mostly used by customer for acquiring properties, (residential and commercial). Credit card is growing to be one of the most revenue generating products for commercial banks. Credit card provides the customers with a line of credit which can be used by them to purchase goods or services. There is a credit limit attached to the card beyond which the customers are restricted to use. It provides the banks with revenue from annual card fee and interest on the purchases of not repaid within the billing period. Change in market interest rates and impac t on Asset products Change in the market interest rates will have a direct impact on the products of commercial banks. â€Å"A bank’s interest rate risk reflects the extend to which its financial condition is affected by changes in market interest rates.† (English, 2002) An increase in the market interest rates will have an adverse impact on the asset products of banks. Some of the main asset products of the banks are personal and business

General business overview of Tesco

General business overview of Tesco Tesco was founded about 1919 by a person call Jack Cohen in  Londons  East End. In this year as well he Jack Cohren started was selling groceries in the markets of the East End.   After about 5 years the name TESCO started to appear on labels because Jack Cohen brought a large shipment of tea from a company called T.E. Stockwell.   Due to this he put the first two letters of the supplier of tea along with the first two letters of his surname and this spelt out TESCO.   The first Tesco store opened in 1929 and now it has 1,800 stores just in the UK and its present felt in 12 countries.   Tesco now is the largest British  retailer, both by global sales and by domestic market share, and the fourth largest retailer in the world behindWal-Mart  of the United States,  Carrefour  of France, and  The Home Depot  of the United States. Tesco used to only sell food but now it has moved into areas such as  clothes,  consumer electronics, consumer  financial services, selling and renting  DVDs,  compact discs  and  music downloads,  internet  service and consumer  telecoms. Tesco over the years is UKs most popular retailer with over 13 million customers a week, number of non food products/services available has gradually increased, Tesco.com is the world largest home delivery service in the world and it is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion in other countries.   The reason for all these success mentioned above is all down to one thing, which is the approach taken by Tesco on customer focused.   Tesco is unique in this way because many retailers would tend to focus only on profits.   However, Tesco as well as making profits would like to create value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty.   ( Tesco Interim report, 2005) This can be seen in Tesco mission statement and the way this is achieved is through corporate strategy.   The corporate strategy of this retailer consist of four parts; UK Core Business, Retail Services, Non-Food and International.   It can be seen from the annual report that the profits in eac h of these four strategies have gone up.   In the UK Core Business profits went up 14.9% compared with few years back where there was an increase of 12.7% , Retailing Services was  £40 million pounds but now it is  £70 million pounds, Non food was expected market share to only be 6% but it is actually 7% and the operations in overseas market is now in 12 countries. The success of this strategy needs to be broken down in order to provide evidence to show how effective Tesco as been and in what way. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK  Core Business Tesco has got a strong UK Core Business because this is where everything started from and gradually as the years went on the retailer was able to exploit opportunities.   This was done through innovation and having the energy in finding ways to expand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After five years there were only 728 stores in the  UK  (Tesco Account Watch, 2002).   However, now that numbers has dramatically increased to 1,800 stores (Tesco, 2006) with more then 260,000 employees.   From this it can be seen that Tesco idea of expansion was a huge success and this is reflective in the profitability where the sales are  £32.7 billion pounds and the operating profits are  £1.788 million pounds. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Food This is seen as being important for Tesco because in the future they would like be in front of their competitors.   This can be seen in an annual report of 2002 where it state that ..in the long term would like to be as strong as it is in food to have 6% market share within the next three years. (Tesco Account Watch, 2002)However Tesco have succeeded the expected market share by gaining a market share of 7%. (Tesco,2006)   The main reason why this has gone up is due to the fact that Tesco has been able to offer over 100 new products including CDs, electrical goods, clothes etc at low prices and at good quality.   By doing this, it will allow this retailer to keep customer loyalty for a long time as well. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retailing Services The effective way of implementing this according to Tesco is through joint ventures with major players in the sector they want to operate.   Bu doing this it allows Tesco to the ability to contribute it customer base as well as brand strengths to the partnership and vice versa.   Ã‚  This has been done exceptionally well since Tesco were able to follow customer (Tesco Account Watch, 2002) by offering a wide range of products/services not just to existing customers but to new one as well. Tesco offer three things so far; Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com and Tesco telecom.   All these have done well with the increase profits of  £70 million pounds for TPF, Tesco.com sales nearly  £1 billion pounds and the telecom is serving over half a million customers. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International The expansion of Tesco overseas first took place in 2004 where it was decided that Central Europe and the Far East would be first to have a Tesco.   Since this retailer was so successful in the  UK  it did not enter the market in the Western European and  USA  because it was not ready since it didnt know the market, culture, etc.   However expanding in  Central Europe  and  Far Eastwas a good choice to start off with because it allowed them to use the best practice suitable for them for developing stores efficiently and at minimum cost.   It also allowed them build the store as soon as possible since a range of store formats that can be rolled out quickly as required (Tesco Account Watch, 2002). Ever since the first expansion in 2004 Tesco now is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion going on in Western Europe and in USA.   The expansion occurred through six different steps:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1st   Being  Flexible   Approaching market differently since all markets are unique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2nd   Act  Local   Need to get the attention of the local and build relationship with them as well.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3rd   Keep  Focus- It always take time to establish in a market therefore need to always be focus on the tasks in hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4th   Be  Muli-format   Need to be able to adapt a number of different store format since only format will not reach the whole market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5th   Develop  Capability   Need to be able to train people and develop relationship with others and share the information is vital for the chance of success.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6th   Build  Brands   This allow establishing long relationship with customers.   From the above it can be seen that the strategy that Tesco have are very much related to giving customers the best service by offering a range of products at low prices and at different places.   By putting all their attention on customers would allow them to exceed expectations in terms of profitability. Tesco Strategy From examining Tesco strategy it can be concluded that Tesco follow deliberate strategy which can de defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦quality of acting intentionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they think before they do, (Wit Meyer,2004).   Tesco follow this strategy because they intend to do something which is realised afterwards.   For example one of Tesco strategy is about  UK  which involves frequent contact with customers and building new stores which meet different customers needs.   From these the profitability for the  UK  has gone up therefore it was realised that this strategy is working well.   Similar to this is that the other strategy about international, non food products and services have all seen an increase in the profitability. Tesco tend to have a plan for each strategy which further illustrate that Tesco follow deliberate strategy.   When Tesco started off it the strategy was pile it high and sell it cheap.   This was unsuccessful and a plan was put together and a new strategy came which was about achieving customers loyalty for a lifetime.   This is a success and if the fundamental purpose of Tesco. Tesco on the other hand strategy may fall in the category of emergent strategy.   This can be seen from the non food products.   Tesco offering telecoms, internet etc falls here because the opportunities were there which needed to be exploited.   Similar to this is that if Tesco did not take these opportunities with both hands the threat was that other supermarkets would take full advantage of this.   Also a threat was that if a competitor does something the supermarket must follow to remain competitive (Elsevier bookshop, 2006). Overall the approach taken by Tesco is a rational planning approach.   The reason for this is because Tesco knows the direction it went to go, the main purpose of the business is known and the objectives are established.   All these are done differently through different analysis such as External/Internal environment, assessing current position etc. Financial Analysis Profitability Ratios The following ratios compare Tesco Store Plc and WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Return on Investment Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supernmarkets PLC 20.08% (Anuual Report 2006) 5.55% (Annual report, 2006) The above ratio shows how management use the company assets to generate revenue. In the above ratio it can be seen that Tesco Plc, 20.08% earning are much higher compared to WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC which is 5.55%.   Due to the big gap between these two companies it clearly shows that Tescos operational management is more efficiently making full use of the companys asset to generate more sales. Gross Profit Tesco Plc WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC 7.7% (Annual report, 2006) 24.58% (Fame-analysis) The above ratio is an important measurement in terms of profitability since it basically measures the trading effectiveness and basic profit earning capability of a company.   From the above ratio it quite strange that WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC ratio is much better in comparison with Tesco Stores PLC.   Therefore it shows that the production and distribution efficiency of WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC that it manages to earn a greater percentage of gross profit than Tesco Stores PLC. Net Profit Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 5.7% (Annual report, 2006) 2.6% (Fame-analysis) This figure above shows the companies profit after taking all the expenses off and other costs as well from the gross profit.   Tesco PLC net ratio is 5.7% whereas WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC is 2.6%.   Investment Ratio Earning per Share (EPS) Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 20.07p (Annual report,2006) 9.46p (Annual report 2006) The investment in a company tend to be made in stocks/shares therefore the above ratio is essential in the assessing the market value of the companys shares.   Tescos share is much greater than WM Morrisons Supermarkets Plc therefore it can offer more to its stockholders.   The above figures were taken from annual reports 2006.   Also the above shows that investors have trust in Tesco using the money is used to it full capacity. Dividend Yield Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.98% (Annual report 2006) 1.23% (Annual report 2006) Just like mentioned above this ratio also allows investors to assess the investment potential in a companys shares.   Tesco offer greater dividend yield therefore investors will be interested in this company rather than WM Morriosns Supermarkets.   It also shows that investors would be more attracted to Tesco and not to WM Morrisons Supermarkets. Dividend Cover Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2 times (Annual report, 2006) The Dividend Cover ratio shows how many times the ordinary dividend could be paid out of current earnings.   In the case of Tesco it is paying our half of its earning as ordinary dividend. Liquid Ratios Current Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.09:1 (Annual Report 2006) 0.45:1 (Fame analysis) The current assets are required to meet the companys debt as they are due.   The above ratio indicates this relationship especially for both supermarkets.   It shows that both companies are able to turnaround stock into cash.   However, from the above figures it shows that Tesco are much better prospects for lenders as compared to WM Morrisons Supermarkets whose current assets are less than current liabilities. Acid Test Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0.68:1 (Annual report-2006) 0.23:1(Fame Analysis) The above ratio is used to compare the current asset without the stock with current liabilities.   The ratio itself does not actually provide any assurance that both these companies will meet futures payments.   Due to this both the above ratio show the level of stock each company holds because has retailers they are expected to keep certain amount of stocks. Efficiency Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 25 times (Annual report, 2006) 30 times (FAME- analysis) The Stock Turnover Ratio shows the average amount of times stock is held before being sold.   Since Tesco is big it is expected that stock would be sold more quickly than compared to WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Fixed assets turnover ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2.12 (Annual report, 2006) 1.83 (FAME- analysis) Fixed asset enable a company to function more efficiency therefore with Tesco having a high fixed asset ratio compared with WM Morrions Supermarkets are able to generate more sales.   Trade debtor collection period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0 days (Fame analysis) 2.53 days (Fame- analysis) The ratio is about debtor and this is the time taken to receive a payment from customers.   Tesco get the money straight away with no problems whereas WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC tends to get the money after couple of days.   This may be down to Morrisons having a policy where it takes cheques a couple of day to be cleared or other policies related to cash. Trade creditor payment period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 26.60 days (FAME ANALYSIS) 36.24 days (Fame-analysis) This shows that it takes on average a month for a supermarket to pay back to creditors.   Tesco are able to do this quicker than Morrisons because of it ability to turn stock into cash very quickly. All the above refer to Appendix 1 which is related to Tesco, Appendix 2 which is related to WM Morrison and Appendix 3 which is related to calculations. Value Chain Analysis The Primary Activities Within the primary activities it can be seen that a key element of Tescos strategy is to have a relationship with suppliers which is quick and cost effective.   The reason for this is due to the fact that ..the greater the number of participants, the greater the synergy opportunities and the greater the change of leveraging action within the logistics and network services provider community. (Fernie Sparks, 1999)   By having a strong relationship with suppliers will enable Tesco to exchange information with suppliers which will result in having a greater opportunity to adapt to the changing environment.   The approach taken by Tesco is an important aspect especially achieving competitive advantage.   However, Tesco should do it not only with cost in mind but bearing in mind that the highest quality goods are produced more quickly and efficiently.   The transformation of its distribution operations has over the part 10 years seen the introduction of Tesco own brands which m ean that these goods will stay in Tescos control longer than other goods.    The decisions of management along with the introduction of effective technology such as software and IT systems, laser scanning which automatically re-orders goods, have all helped Tesco to position itself in the market place.   One of the reasons for Tesco success is due to technology in all parts of the business because technology has a powerful effect on competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation. (Porter, 1998) Tesco work very closely with suppliers to extend growing seasons for particular crops like strawberry which is available throughout the year.   In this situation Tesco do depend on the suppliers making the crops during the year.   However, in the longer period Tesco will be able to save costs.   By extending growing season there is a lower dependency on the warehouse and JIT production of goods. The need to work closely with suppliers and transport services is critical and using local producers wherever possible results in Tesco dealing with a number of companies and according to Christopher,1998 effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage a position of enduring superiority over competitors in terms of customer preference.   The main thing is being innovative and looking at how to improve things constantly as well as considering the environment impact of its action.   This again will reinforce the competitive position as Porter, 1998 suggested companies achieve competitive advantage through act of innovation.   It is very difficult for a supermarket like Tesco to produce the same success again therefore Tesco must continue to re -invent itself to stay ahead in this market. The Supporting Activities The companys infrastructure is based on decisions of management which help communication and control.   Support functions such as accounting, administration, public relation and marketing.   There are many people who deal with investigation and sourcing products for example, for non food products there are over 100 people.   Tesco employs over 260,000 people, (Tesco, 2006) which is a huge cost especially in terms of minimum wage.   The other costs which are involved are recruitment, training and development.   Other things such as planning, public affairs, quality assurance are all time consuming. Technology development is important because it allows Tesco to be able to adapt to its changing environment.   Tesco on line shopping is a huge success along with other things like financial service, mobile phone, clothes and electrical goods. Tesco recognizes regional differences when it comes to procurement.   They have established dedicated buying teams In the UK.   Tesco have also made arrangements not only with large producers or manufacturers of goods, but also individual farmers.   Their Fairtrade policy ( Tesco CR , 2006) ensures that the farmers receive a fair price and that consumers pay a fair price.   Long term relationships with suppliers are important, with over 1500 suppliers working with Tesco for five years.   Tesco works with suppliers and encourages them to develop regional offices in line with Tescos own distribution centres. In Tecso it can be seen that the value chain for competing in a particular industry is embedded in larger streams of activities.. (Porter, 1998). The primary activities for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 4 and the supporting activities can be seen in Appendix 5. PESTLE Analysis Political There are many external influences which affect Tesco like local business taxes as well as government introducing taxes on different products.   When Tesco decide to build new stores it will not be straight forward to do because the local and regional planning policy is extremely costly and time consuming.   Complying with government legislations is a must for Tesco since it relates to food hygiene, employment, health and safety.  Ã‚   Tesco is also under the pressure on a number of different issues. For example Friend of the Earth who believe that Tesco is using every trick in the book to dominate the retail market and coerce local authorities. ( Friend of the Earth, 2006)   and also from something call Tescopoly.   Tescopoly is to challenge the negative impacts of Tescos behaviour along its supply chains both in the  UK  and internationally, on small businesses, on communities and the environment (Tescopoly, 1995) It also makes sure that the products are made from rec ycle items and protecting the environment is the key. Environment This is a major focus not just for Tesco but for all businesses in the  UK  as well as overseas.   The issue of global warming and climate change affects everyone.   Tesco is addressing the issue by minimizing waste and recycling, by rewarding customers for re using bags (Tesco Report, 2006).   They have also spent over  £100m on a range of products from wind turbines to gasification plants.   Another thing Tesco is trying to do is reduce energy consumption (Tesco Report, 2006) with the introduction of improved heating and ventilation systems. Social The social impact of opening new stores is immense.   By opening new stores Tesco are creating new employments for many people and also they are using local suppliers rather then getting suppliers from different part of the  UK.   Tesco is a very dedicated supermarket which always gives money to a charity every year.   It also encourages healthy eating with their healthy option menus therefore encouraging the nation to get healthier and fitter combined with charitable activities like the Race for Life. (Tesco corporate, 2007) Technology Technology has improved massively over the years and it has dramatically affected Tesco.   By introducing on line shopping, improved refrigeration techniques, sophisticated software for monitoring customer loyalty shoppers and their buyers pattern and new services being offered have all together improved customer service, reducing costs and sustaining competitive advantage.   Legal The main legal issue here is related to what was mentioned above.   Since the introduction of new products/services there is a chance of customers being exposed to credit card fraud.   Ã‚  The legal department within Tesco is kept busy with the need to respond to customer complaints and compensation claims, such as the recent fuel issues.   Another thing is complying with any rules or regulations which are set out from the government to the Competition commission. Economic The main issues which have been talked about recently are fuel costs, congestion or mileage charges will also affect Tesco profitability.   On the other hand some positives can be taken for example charitable donations made by Tesco to local and regional areas.   Tesco by using local suppliers will also have an impact on the economy.   Ã‚  Tesco is promising lower prices (Tesco Report, 2006) because it want to provide a range of products which are of high quality to all customers especially those families with low income. The PESTLE Analysis for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 6 Porters Five Forces Model Competitive Rivalry The supermarket industry is high competitive in the  UK  with four supermarkets dominating the market; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons.   This market has never been more ferocious in the battle to capture the customers loyalty (Bevan, 2005).   The one which is leading the other supermarkets in the  UK  is Tesco with 32% market share (Wekepedia, 2005) whilst the rest of the supermarkets have each got less then 20% markets share. The competitive rivalry in the  UK  is not based on the types of products sold because all supermarkets sell the same products.   However, the rivalry is based on pricing and value for money (Seth Randell, 2001). The use of technology allows this market to be more competitive because the use of technology allows a number of advantages including quicker way to speed up stock replenishment.   For example in Tesco they use Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) not just for checkout but   for a range of things like  fully integrated accounting, inventory management, open to buy forecasting, customer relation management (CRM), service management, rental, and payroll modules. (Thompson,2003).   Another thing which Tesco also use is EDI(Electronic Data Interchange ) which is a set of standards for structuring information to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups.   Other supermarkets use the above as well but the way Tesco use this is why Tesco is the largest supermarket in the UK. The competitve rivalry may get evenmore tense if for example other global competitors like Carrefour decide to come into the UK market by acquisition of weaker companies. Threat of new entrants Since the UK industry is dominated by four major supermarkets the threat of new entrants is high.   This is due to enconomies of scale in terms of shopping area and length of distribution channels.   These two are important factors especially in the UK however, the cost of these two are very high and a new entrant would suffer.   Similar to this is that new entrant have limited access to distribution channels in the UK because the supermarkets have already got control of these.   Another problem for a new entrant is that it will be difficult to achieve cost adavntage.   The reason for this is due to the fact that the four major supermarkets in the UK have occurred cost advantage through continually development in studying customers (buying patterns, money spent etc) and competitors.   The important part is regard to building relationship with suppiers and customers because it takes time to gain someone trust.   Due to this trying to change customers brand loyalty is ver y difficult to achieve. The main problem for Tesco and other supermarkets is related to the fact that large european supermarkets may decide to set up stores in the UK.   This can be seen from Lidl which is a German company which has got a number of stores opened in the UK. Threat of substitute In the UK alone there many substitutes because a lot of small stores like newsagent, local shops, etc sell the same products like supermarkets but the difference is that these small stores can offer discounts.   Due to this it is said that supermarkets are vulnerable.   One of the reason for supermarkets being vulnerable is about discounts and the other reason is that small stores can steal customers from supermarkets.   For example Argos- The Catalogue Shop can get a percentage of customers from the supermarkets from under their noses.   This is done by offering customers the chance to have catalogue delivered to their doors and collection of orders by post, telephone or internet. For some supermarkets this is a problem but for Tesco it is not.   The reason for this is that Tesco has a number of different stores opened across the whole UK and offers a range of products includind non food products through the internet at reasonable prices. (Tesco direct,2006).   By offeri ng non food products Tesco is in competition with Argos as well as Currys and Comet over electrical goods.   From this it can be seen that Tesco are being tuff because they want to be the best in all departments. Bargaining power of buyers In the UK the bargaining power buyers is strong especially for supermarkets in the UK since the buyers are the customers.   The power of these buyers is high because of the availability of several alternatives.   The switching cost from one to the other is low because if a customer is not happy he/she can go to the other supermarkets.   For the supermarkets Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury this is true but for Tesco it is not since it is the other way around, Tesco are able to influence the buyers.   Tesco are able to do this by having different stores Express, Metro etc in the UK all different to one another. Porters five forces model for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 7 SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Tesco is the  UK  is a well established and recognised retail brand in the  UK  offering a range of products and services from food to non food items.   Tesco has grown in the four areas it wanted to grow with a 7% market share in the non food items.   They provide fresh food at great value with many special offers being made each week.   They support fair trade and local products with over 7000 products being supplied in the  UK.   The culture of Tesco is important to its success.   Also the focuses on people, from the customers to the staff are essential for the smooth running of the organisation. Weaknesses Tesco just like many businesses in the  UK  will have problems which need to be overcome.   Since Tesco is big it has 260,000 employees which would result in Tecso paying a lot of money in term of wages and also training and development.   Also costs related to sickness and absenteeism will also affect Tesco.   Similar to this is that ..80% of group sales come from  UK (Tesco, 2006) and could be more globally focused.   Another weakness is that increase in the cost of fuel may result in loss of profitability and also an increase in the local business taxes will be bad.   Opportunities The opportunities existing for Tesco is further product introduction more opticians and pharmacies into the stores.   There also opportunities for Tesco to expand and increase market share.   Since Tesco is very popular in the  UK  and should turn their focus on the international market.   The acquisition or merger of a competitor would provide SYNERGY in terms of cost reduction, improved productivity, expanded range of products, although it may well be that because of Tecso dominant position in the market already the commission may not agree to such development. Threat The current problem which has occurred over the last few weeks was related to problem with the fuel since it was claimed that it is contaminated.   Due to this poor quality fuel may be suppl

Fons Trompenaars’ Four Types of Corporate Culture Essay

Guided Missile – a project-oriented approach; concerned with results. This group looks for practical solutions to shared challenges via multi-disciplinary teams. The U.K. and U.S. fit into this group. Familial – this is a power-oriented model in which a ‘family’ approach is taken. Power comes from high but is well known and there is a deep concern for all members. Japan and Belgium fit into this model. Eiffel Tower – a role-oriented group in which hierarchy is important; top-down management style. To manage change, the business would have to change rules and procedures. France and Germany score high in this model. Incubator – fulfillment-oriented group who see all members as ‘co-creators’. A relatively egalitarian structure in which individuals are given the freedom to improvise. Silicon Valley is a good example of where this has worked to great effect. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner: Seven Cultural Dimensions 1. UNIVERSALISM versus PLURALISM â€Å"What is more important – rules or relationships?† The degree of importance a culture assigns to either the law or to personal relationships. In a universalistic culture, people share the belief that general rules, codes, values and standards take precedence over the needs and claims of friends and other relationships. In a pluralistic culture, people see culture in terms of human friendship and intimate relationships. While rules do exist in a pluralistic culture, they merely codify how people relate to one another. 2. INDIVIDUALISM versus COMMUNITARISNISM â€Å"Do we function as a group or as individuals?† The degree to which people see themselves function more as a community or more as individuals. In a principally individualistic culture, people place the individual before the community. This means that individual happiness, fulfillment and welfare prevails and people take their own initiative and take care of themselves. In a principally communitarian culture, people place the community before the individual. Thus, it is the responsibility of the individual to act in ways which serve society. In doing so, individual  needs are automatically attended. 3. SPECIFIC versus DIFFUSE â€Å"How far do we get involved?† The degree to which responsibility is specifically assigned or is diffusely accepted. In a specific culture, people first analyse the elements individually and then put them together, the whole is the sum of its parts. People’s lives are divided accordingly and, only a single component can be entered at a time. Interactions between people are very well-defined. Specific individuals concentrate on hard facts, standards and contracts. A diffusely oriented culture starts with the whole and sees individual elements from the perspective of the total. All elements are related to one another. Relationships between elements are more important than individual elements. 4. AFFECTIVITY versus NEUTRALITY â€Å"Do we display our emotions?† The degree to which individuals display their emotions. In an affective culture, people display their emotions and it is not deemed necessary to hide feelings. However, in a neut ral culture, people are taught not to display their feelings overtly. The degree to which feelings become manifested is therefore minimal. While emotions are felt, they are controlled. 5. INNER DIRECTED versus OUTER DIRECTED â€Å"Do we control our environment or work with it?† The degree to which individuals believe the environment can be controlled versus believing that the environment controls them. In an inner-directed culture, people have a mechanistic view of nature; nature is complex but can be controlled with the right expertise. People believe that humans can dominate nature, if they make the effort. In an outer-directed culture, people have an organic view of nature. Mankind is viewed as one of nature’s forces and should therefore live in harmony with the environment. People therefore adapt themselves to external circumstances. 6. ACHIEVED STATUS versus ASCRIBED STATUS â€Å"Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status or is it given to us?† The degree to which individuals must prove themselves to receive status versus status simply given to them. In a culture with achieved status, people derive their status from what they have accomplished. Achieved status must be proven time and time again and status will be given accordingly. In a culture with ascribed status, people derive their status from birth, age, gender or wealth. Here status is not based on achievement but it is accorded on the basis of the person’s being. 7. SEQUENTIAL TIME versus SYNCHRONIC TIME â€Å"Do we do things one at a time or several things at once?† The degree to which individuals do things one at a time versus several things at once. Cultures developed their own response to time. Time orientation has two aspects: the relative importance cultures assign to the past, present and future, and their approach to structuring time. In a sequential culture, people structure time sequentially and do things one at a time. In a synchronic time culture, people do several things at once, believing time is flexible and intangible. http://www.provenmodels.com/580/seven-dimensions-of-culture/charles-hampden-turner–fons-trompenaars/ Geert Hofstede’s Six Cultural Dimensions The research of Geert Hofstede has shown that cultural differences between nations are especially found on the deepest level; i.e. on the level of values. In comparison, cultural differences among organizations are especially identified on the level of practices. Practices are more tangible than values. Means Oriented vs Goal Oriented The means oriented versus goal-oriented dimension is, among the six dimensions, most closely connected with the effectiveness of the organization. In a means oriented culture the key feature is the way in which work has to be carried out; people identify with the â€Å"how†. In a goal oriented culture employees are primarily out to achieve specific internal goals or results, even if these involve substantial risks; people identify with the â€Å"what†. In a very means oriented culture people perceive themselves as avoiding risks and making only a limited effort in their jobs, while each workday is pretty much the same. In a very goal oriented culture, the employees are primarily out to achieve specific internal goals or results, even if these involve substantial risks. Local vs Professional In a local company employees identify with the boss and/or the unit in which one works. In a professional organization the identity of an employee is determined by his profession and/or the content of the job. In a very local culture employees are very short term directed, they are internally focused and there is strong social control to be like everybody else. In a very professional culture it is the reverse Internally Driven vs Externally Driven In a very internally driven culture employees perceive their task towards the outside world as totally given, based on the idea that business ethics and honesty matters most and that they know best what is good for the customer and the world at large. In a very externally driven culture the only emphasis is on meeting the customer’s requirements; results are most important and a pragmatic rather than an ethical attitude prevails. This dimension is distinguishable from means versus goal orientation because in this case it is not impersonal results that are at stake, but the satisfaction of the customer, client or commissioning party Open System vs Closed System This dimension relates to the accessibility of an organization. In a very open culture newcomers are made immediately welcome, one is open both to insiders and outsiders, and it is believed that almost anyone would fit in the organization. In a very closed organization it is the reverse Easy Going Work Discipline vs Strict Work Discipline This dimension refers to the amount of internal structuring, control and discipline. A very easy-going culture reveals loose internal structure, a lack of predictability, and little control and discipline; there is a lot of improvisation and surprises. A very strict work discipline reveals the reverse. People are very cost conscious, punctual and serious Employee Oriented vs Work Oriented This aspect of the culture is most related to the management philosophy per se. In very employee oriented organizations members of staff feel that personal problems are taken into account and that the organization takes responsibility for the welfare of its employees, even if this is at the expense of the work. In very work oriented organizations there is heavy pressure to perform the task even if this is at the expense of employees. http://geert-hofstede.com/index.php

Mr Taha Uppal

Strategies towards betterment for team management The research will be based on the following questions: How can we eliminate the harmful factors of staff management I. E performance appraisal? How can the employee's play an important part for the organizational success? What are the feedbacks usually received by the employer? 1. 1 INTRODUCTION TO MARKS AND SPENCER: Marks and Spencer also popularly known as M is British based clothing and food retailer headquartered in the city of Westminster, London, United Kingdom.It has more than 700 outlets located all over the United Kingdom while 300+ stores are coated all over the world. Most of them are located in the European countries, like Hungary, Greece, Czech Republic and Romania etc. Marks & Spencer is also trying to expand in the Asian markets with quite a few stores opening in India and China recently. Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer founded M in the year 1884 in a city of England, Leeds.According to BBC news, Marks and Spencer is d oing better in their food department as compared to their general merchandise as the turnover is split in 54% and 46% respectively. Marks and Spencer aims to provide a very high quality DOD to their customers, that is why, it is one of the most successful food retailers in the United Kingdom. The well known brands, which sell their products with the brand name M are Autograph, Indigo collection, Classic collection, Collection and lastly blue harbor. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: Performance appraisal or performance review is an analysis of an employee's work habits undertaken at a fixed point in time to determine the degree to which stated objectives and expectations have been reached. Performance appraisal or review is very beneficial and important for the evaluation of the staff and of course for the effective management. Appraisals are of great help regarding organization's employee and also play a vital role in improving organizational performances.Formal performance appraisals are conducted every year normally in the last half of the year to review how the organization is performing and what strategies should be undertaken to improve the organizations performance. It is a straight line process for example the staff is appraised by their managers, the managers are appraised by the directors, and the directors are appraised by the Coo's who are generally appraised by the founder or the chairman of the company. 2. 1 TYPES OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: The different types of performance appraisals are formal annual performance appraisals, handwriting analysis, skill or Job related tests, informal one to one review discussions, probationary reviews, survey of opinion of others who have been dealing with the staff, counseling meetings, observation on the Job and assessment centers including observed group exercises and test presentations. 1. 2. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS: Performance appraisal is a process which takes place quarterly or yearly and is the process of interaction between the employees and their managers. In this process the performance of the employee is assessed, with the manager telling or describing the employees their weaknesses and strengths and also identifying the opportunities that how can the employee improve their performance within the organization. Performance appraisal is the least liked responsibility any manager has to perform.The first step which comes in performance appraisal is review preparation. In this process the manager makes the objectives that the organization wants to meet in the future. An analysis of the employees is then taken out because employees or individuals must know what the organization is expecting from them and how they can work to achieve the objectives stated by the firm. Step two in performance appraisal is the assessment. This step is all about giving the timely feedback as it has proved to be very beneficial for the organization.For instance if an employee works well to achieve an objective, the positive feedback should be given to them as soon as possible rather than waiting for weeks to let them know as it might have a negative effect on their confidence as well as performance level. Step three is reviewing communication. This is all about reviewing the past and the current performance of the employee and if the performance is not up to the mark the manager should politely explain them that what should be done to improve their performance. Step four in the process is appropriate setting.Make sure that the atmosphere where the manager is going to deliver the appraisal is very friendly and welcoming. No threats should be given to the employee as this might De-motivate them and as a result they may not be able to perform 100%. Step five in the process is delivering, for instance it Leary explains the appraisal in simple language as the usage of the code words or difficult words might make it difficult for them (staff or employee) to understand it pr operly and they may have confusion which might proved to be harmful for the employee and also for the organization.The final step in this process is encouragement. At the end of the process the manager's responsibility is to encourage the employee and boost their confidence by adding words like we have faith in you or we trust your abilities or you are capable. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the past and the current strategies of Marks & Spencer will be discussed and in the end of this chapter we will also give a brief explanation about how employer can improve their Performance appraisal (PA) process.There will also be discussions on the employees and the manager roles that how can they contribute for a better service and reputation of the organization. First of all we will talk about the staff management strategies of Marks & Spencer for instance, how they benefited from those strategies, what were the drawbacks of those strategies and what did Mark s & Spencer did to solve those issues or problems arising by implementing those strategies.Performance appraisal helps in evaluating the employee's performance as it gives a clear light on how an employee can improve their performance and skills. However, performance appraisal in depth will be discussed this chapter. 2. 1 THE EVOLUTION OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: Sometime near World War 1, (WAD Scott) has the credit to present the world with what performance appraisal is. However, performance appraisal was known by the mid asses and became very popular in the organization or companies.McGregor (1957) also played a vital role in discussing about performance appraisal in sass's and ass's. It's a process by which the individual tries to look in the future with some valuable assumptions and to plan what should be done in the future to meet their goals. Performance appraisal helps in goal setting. In the year 1970, this process of performance appraisal became more widespread and many of th e firms started using this process in order to gain success however, by practicing this process a large number of legal cases were brought.In the years sass's and sass's the process of performance appraisal became very popular and according to Williams (1998) it improved the performance up to a certain extent and also generated motivation which is very useful for an organization. According to Fletcher (2008), performance appraisal is conducted differently in the Western and the Asian cultures however; both of these cultures use this process and are benefiting from it despite the fact that around 90% or more staff doesn't like this process. 2. 2 WHY IS PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SO NECESSARY?Questions like why performance appraisal is used in companies when it did not exist in the past and the companies were still doing great? Why is it so important to use performance appraisal? Can't an organization run efficiently and effectively without the performance appraisal system? Weiss and Buckl ey (1998) tried to give an answer for this by stating that performance appraisal is very useful because it gives an idea to the employees how can they improve their performance and also this process helps in rising their commitment towards their organization.There is great importance of performance appraisal within the firm. The organization whether small or big, private or government or any other type of firm should be exempt from having a formal performance appraisal (PA) program. PA process has benefits like improved immunization within the firm, addressing the problem and tries to resolve them through this process of PA and gives the employee confidence and boosts their morale.However, while planning performance appraisal process the employer should bear in mind that it is a slow and time consuming process and there might be some obstacles during the process which for some time may make this process even slower than expected. We can see the companies who have introduced this pro cess of performance appraisal are the ones who do the most business in their respected fields such as Ezra, Louis Button, Marks & Spencer, Gucci, Hugo Boss etc.When employees know that they are an important part of an organization and all their suggestions or ideas are valuable they even work harder so that they can get promotions or there may be an increase in their salaries and this can only be done by performance appraisal process. PA process not only identifies the training needs within an organization or firm but also identifies the hidden talent which may have a very positive effect on the firm's reputation.For instance if the staff is highly trained they are in a better position to deal with all their customers which plays a very positive role towards the success of an organization. . 3 PURPOSE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: The most effective purpose to use performance appraisal is to improve the performance of the employees who are working for an organization. There are two most important purposes for which the performance appraisal is used one of which is maintenance of organization control and secondly to measure the efficiency with which the company's human resources are being used. Cummings 1973) however, there are other purposes of performance appraisal as well for instance it helps in improving the morale of the employees working for the organization, more importantly also identifying when does the staff or employees need training, communication improvements, counseling and setting targets which the organization aims to meet (Britton and Gold 2003-04). As discussed above performance appraisal is used to determine the strengths and weaknesses off the employees and providing them with the best training in order for them to give their best at work.However, by conducting the performance appraisal process both the organizations and the employees have advantages for example McGregor (1972) in his paper ‘An uneasy look at performance appraisal' stated that performance appraisal meets the needs of OTOH the employees and the organization however, the difference is it meets three needs in total one for which is organization and the other two for the employees or the individual. Bowels and Coats (1993) conducted a survey which was sent to 250 West midland companies in the year 1992, where the organization were asked the question on the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the organization.However, in the results they found out that the performance appraisal plays an effective role to improve the communication skills of the employees and also improves the communication between the employees and the employer which has many benefits costly in favor of the organization. On the other hand it was very useful for when and how the training is needed for a number of employees to improve their skills. However, around 90% of the employees did not favor the performance appraisal process and commented it has certainly no use and is time was ting.Many organizations want to become the best in productivity or simply want to produce more and quality products so in order to achieve all of these objectives organizations choose and introduce performance appraisal process within the organization as this is the most successful way of achieving goals such as higher productivity or lean reduction. This process of performance appraisal gives a clear direction that where the organization is heading towards or what are the goals the organization or the firm.As discussed before, it not only measures a firm's employee's performance but also gives a clear picture of an organization's performance. The example to illustrate this is performance appraisal measures the work done by the employees and also the organization on a weekly or quarterly basis. An organization can have all the information of their employees and their productivity by using this process. Another useful purpose of performance appraisal is that it gives a clear picture to the employees that where do they stand and what are they supposed to do in order to improve their skills and position within the organization.This way the organization can have a full advantage of their work force because if their employees need training, they train them and as a result the work force becomes very useful and experienced which in the long run is very beneficial for the organization as well as the employees. 2. 4 BEHAVIOR MAINTENANCE MODEL (CUMMINGS AND SWABS): The IBM model which was presented by Cummings and Swabs attempts to show owe the employees are motivated and opt to perform well within the organization.In their model they tried to explain the IBM model in four different steps. The first step in this model is goal aspirations which lead to goal attainment. When the goal attainment is achieved by the employee it gives them a sense of Job satisfaction and they become more focused on their Job and try to work even more hard. However, when the employee is satis fied with their Job they become automatically motivated towards their work which is very effective for the organization. 2. A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN MARKS AND SPENCER: performance appraisal give Marks & Spencer all the required information about their employees as it helps M&S to help improve their skills through training and making sure that they are capable enough for the Job they are being trained for. As most of the big companies or retailers conduct performance appraisal once or twice every year, Marks & Spencer is also one of the British companies known for conducting performance appraisal twice every year.In this process the employees get feedback from their managers about their performance and if the performance of the employees is not up to the mark they are suggested with different strategies to adopt n order to improve their performance as it is believed that the employees play the most important part in an organization's success and thus are the mo st important and effective assets of any organization like Marks & Spencer. The performance records are encouraged to use by the employees as it plays an important factor in setting up the personal objectives that support their continued development.Whenever an appraisal system is carried out at Marks & Spencer (normally takes every 12 months to conduct an appraisal) discussions are being made about the current progress of the company as well as the employees and a lot of new ideas are narrated about how to improve the concerned areas within the organization. These meetings are always done by the managers who work in M regarding their employees and are kept confidential. If any of the employees or workers at M do not perform well they are given more training and make sure that they understand how the organization works and operates.Rewards are given to the employees who prove that they are working best and the organization is benefiting from their efforts which are being put in. For instance in Marks and Spencer if the sales exceed the expected number or are higher than expected all the employees are given a bonus and also receive a bonus gift voucher of 20% which in fact plays a vital role in staff motivation. Also according to the research on motivation conducted by Frederic Taylor money is the only motivator and the only reason due to which the employees work hard to achieve their and the organization's objectives they work for.According to Taylor â€Å"If the workers were paved per item made, they would want to make more and work harder. † Marks and Spencer uses Tailor's theory by providing their employees or staff with handsome salaries as they think to keep the staff motivated paying them with bonuses and retreating them with some discount cards would be beneficial for the organization and as the staff will put in their efforts to make M a success by providing their customers a better service and by creating a friendly atmosphere in the stores whi ch obviously every customer likes.On the other hand, M also uses Herbage's two factor theory by paying them with handsome salaries but more important to note according to Herbage's theory is that M make their employees feel special and important in the business as the upper management ask for suggestion from all the employees and also providing them with the best working environment to motivate hem.As seen in the table below Marks and Spencer has got the highest reputation in the recent years as compared to their rivals such as Sad, tests, Morison, Ginsburg and Waitress and that's only done with the fair and proper selection of the employees for the Jobs through interviews and as well as the tests. By going through the process M&S makes sure that the right candidate is selected for the Job and the organization can benefit from them. 2. STRATEGIES THAT MARKS AND SPENCER USED IN THE PAST: Marks and Spencer in the past have tried a lot of strategies to improve their staff performance. The strategy which Marks and Spencer used in the past was to sell its products on discounted prices or higher sales which at one point gave rise to the sales but on the other hand when people realized the clothes designs are the same and not changing their sales fell dramatically. M&S did not emphasize on innovation but they tried to grab shopper's attention by advertising and give them great deals and high discounts on their products.Another strategy that M favored was expansion overseas as the top management thought it's the biggest opportunity to expand abroad because in that way M&S will see a rise in their sales. The main focus f M&S was to target the European markets specially Germany because in the recent years the population of Germany increased from 65 million to 80 million and also is the biggest exporter after USA with a lot of potential and industrial strength.However, firstly M&S planned to expand in Germany in the asses but later dropped this strategy because the prope rty costs were too high at that time but the main reason to drop this strategy was the recession of the German economy in asses. However in the late in asses the market position of Germany looked attractive and impressive which therefore forced M&S to expand in to the German market. Marks and Spencer also played a vital role regarding waste as an estimate states that the waste all over the United Kingdom is around 400 tones which comes from different parts of the industry such as construction, households or discharged packaging.The waste that comes out is not recycled properly and the result is landfill sites which takes many years to decompose and is also very harmful for the human health. However, the strategy that Marks and Spencer put emphasis on is that in the recent years 2010-2011 they have tried to achieve a recycle rate around 90% and also they have tried and achieved the reduction in waste by around 20%. Marks and Spencer in the year 2006-7 had 133 million clothes hangers and instead of throwing or recycling them the company used around 80% of the hangers again. 2. . 1 OPPORTUNITIES FOR IN THE GERMAN MARKET: M&S focused on expanding in the German market because the GAP of Germany is about three times higher than the United Kingdom with a staggering El 5000 billion. German consumer has a 50% higher expenditure than the Auk's market also 22% higher than France which is the second biggest market in the Europe. Inflation rate is under 2% in the Germany which attracted the Marks and Spencer management the cost to expand in the German market with expectation of higher sales which M was lacking in the United Kingdom.According to the research conducted by the well known news channels CNN and BBC M had examined the customers need in Germany for instance what exactly did the customer want and catered accordingly. 2. 7 MARKS & SPENCER CURRENT STRATEGIES: The current aim of M is to become the world's most sustainable brand by the year 201 5 and for that they are following a plan called plan A. The plan A consist about many things about how to make world a better place to live with a few things which ops the list in plan A are cut carbon emissions, reduce waste and importance on health and well being.As the world is getting more educated day by day which means people are aware of what should be done to make this planet a better place to live in and also become very conscious about environmental and also for the natural issues. This is the reason for which M&S launched plan A in the year 2010. The primary focus in this plan is to change the climate and also reducing the waste. 2. 8 EVALUATION: As discussed in this chapter that Performance appraisal is very useful for any type of organization but there are always some exceptions.For example, if the managers fail to grade their staff according to their performance there are quite high chances that the company or the organization could land in hot water. So it is very important that the manager s should not grade their employees on personal assessment but should only grade them according to their performance which would only help the firm to achieve success in the future. CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUCTION: Methodology is a set of practice to regain information about something. In other rods it is a choice about what data and information to gather.The information that will be obtained will also be used in the outcome and also be compared to the literature review In order to have an appropriate evaluation. One should keep in mind some factors when developing a successful methodology. I tried to contact the Marks and Spence's business and management analyst but it was too difficult to have a decent reply from them. Developing a methodology is not at all an easy task and requires different types of techniques and hard work in order to gather some useful information. 3. 1 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION: